1 Flashcards
NOMADS
- stay on the move looking for
food - Without permanent home
- bountiful resources of foods
- Small tribes of hunter-gatherers
- use fire to cook, provide heat and light
- stone tools for survival, hunting fish, wild animals, preparing foods, making shelters, protect territory from invasion
Nomads Basic needs:
food, shelter, clothing
(early civilization) Used
stone tools for survival, hunting fish and wild animals, preparing foods, making shelters,
protect territory from invasion
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
began in Mesopotamia,
“land between the rivers”
Derived from the Greek words
meso (middle), potam (river)
Tigris, Euphrates rivers
Sumerians
the first people to settle in Mesopotamia
around 4500 BCE.
City of Uruk (sumerian civilization)
- first true city in the world
- No building stones used
- Lumber was limited
- Mud/clay from the river added from reeds and bricks
- Houses made of sun baked bricks
Ziggurats (sumerian civilization)
- The Great Ziggurat of Ur (The Mountain of God)
- temple at the top for their high priest to serve their patron gods and goddesses.
- Structure involves:
o Sun baked bricks (inside)
o Fired bricks (outside)
o No inner chambers
o Height around 170 ft
- 12 years of excavation
- temple to Nanna, the moon of
God
Agriculture and Irrigation system (sumerian)
o Wheat and barley
o Fruits and vegetables
o Sheep, goats, and cows
- Levees
o Dug wide canals from rivers
o small ditches from canals to water
o control amount of water
o Brought water to farmland
o control flood that come from the rivers Tigris and Euphrates
Cuneiform (sumerian)
- First writing system
- pictographs and symbol of items
- reed stylus
- trading, recording goods, and livestock, temple activities and businesses
- stories, myths, and personal letters
Sumerian Number System
- radix system such as base 1, base 10 and base 60.
base 60 (sumerian)
sexagesimal, standard system Sumerians and Babylonians.
Medicine of Sumerians believed that diseases were
punishment from God
o Wrongdoing
o Committed sins
o Action of demons
o Bad spirits
Priest and Exorcist (sumerian)
priest - sufficient magic power
exorcist – drive away the spirits
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION B.C?
Mesopotamia 2000 years before
Babylonians in 2004 B.C.
Babylon?
- most popular city from Ancient Mesopotamia
Babylon was conquered by?
Sumu Abum, turned it kingdom made up of the city
Hammurabi (First Lawgiver) Babylonian
took over the place, empire
THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
- King Nebuchadnezzar
- Seven Wonders
- mythical place
- 75 ft high
- 8,200 gallons of water
Weapons BABYLON during BRONZE AGE
- bronze material (alloy, copper, tin)
- sickle swords, socketed axes, spears, bladed mace
Babylonian Number System
- cuneiform digits
- First positional numbering system
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
- North Africa
- 3200 BCE, ruler King Narmer
Develop Theocracy (Egyptian )
ruled by religious leaders believed that pharaoh was a god.
temples (Egyptian)
home of the Gods and Goddesses,
- worshipped by temple priests
Everyday temple priest:
o Washed the god’s statues
o Changed cloths with fine linen
o Put jewelry
o Offered food and wine
- Made of stone, walls covered with scenes, and brightly painted
Mummification
- life after death
- Eternal life was possible if individual’s corpse intact
- body decayed, so as the soul
- returned in the next life
Mummification Process:
- Washing of the body
- Removal of the internal organs by making a cut in the left side of the abdomen (Intestines, stomach, liver, and lungs)
- Internal organs are placed in canopic jars
- Brain is removed through the nose by using hooked instrument then thrown away (Heart is untouched as believed to be used for intelligence and emotion;
reveals evidence of the deceased’s true character) - inside of the body is rinsed with
wine and spices - Moisture from body is eliminated
- Application of salt called Natron for 70 days to preserve body
- body is wrapped in linen cloth and placed in a Sarcophagus
Hieroglyphics (Egyptian)
- Pictures of living creatures and symbols
- papyrus.
- carved at the walls of pyramidsl
Medicine (Egyptian)
- herbs
- repair physical injuries
- eye surgery operations
- knowledge of anatomy: embalming the dead
- Practiced Dentistry
o Extracted teeth
o Drained abscesses
o Made false teeth
o Stitch - Honey and urine to cure eye infections
- Cooked whole mouse
- spells to ward offevil spirits
Irrigation System (egyptian)
Canals and Ditches
Shaduf – boom and basin hand-operated
- device for lifting water
Archimedes screw : to lift water from a low-lying body
Calendar (egyptian)
12 months = 30 days
- 1 year – 360 days
- In 4000 B.C, added 5 extra days at the end
of every year
o Solar year = 356 days
• Wigs
• Cosmetics
• Wig: for beauty, vanity, and personal hygiene
- protect shaved heads from sun rays
- Symbol of social status (more wigs = wealthier)
- Made from human hair, sheep’s wool
• Cosmetics
- both sexes
- Kohl – darked eye makeup
- Protecting their skin from hot desert sun
- protected from evil
3 kinda of paints
1. Black kohl - cure eye diseases
2. Green malachite and black Galena
3. Lip gloss - red ochre
- skin care
black apple cider as toner
milk and honey to soften skin
aloe vera for moisturizing
natural hair for male color
almond for younger skin
honey for silky hair
3 kinds of paints (egyptian)
o Black kohl (prevent and cure eye
diseases)
o Green malachite and black galena - dark
gray
o Lip gloss – red ochre
Skin care (egyptian)
o Apple cider as a face toner
o Milk and honey to soften their skin
o Aloe vera for moisturing skin
o Natural henna for male color
o Almond oil for younger skin
o Honey for silky hair
GREEK CIVILIZATION
- 8th century BC
- Focused on: Government, Art, Architecture, Philosophy, and Sport
- pantheon of gods, complex mythologies, rituals, cult practices.
Theater of Greek
Structure
o Large and open-air structure
o Tiered seating area (theatron)
o circular space for the actors
(Orchestra)
o Stage – skene
Water Mill (greek)
- milling of grains
- rice, cereals, flours,
Greek Houses
Poor Greek – rural area, urban slums, apartments
- built around a courtyard
- For well-to-do craftsmen or farmers:
o Large
o Luxurious
o Accommodation for household
including many slaves
Trade (greek)
- 150 years after 750 BC
- Mediterranean Sea and Black sea
. - Coins used for trading
Greek Philosophers
- Socrates
analyzing good and justice.
- series of inquiries - Plato
- Became a student of Socrates
- Founded the Academy of Athens
- Aristotle
- Became student of Plato
- Empirical Approach in studying
nature
- Founded Theory of Four causes (Material, formal, efficient, final) - Thales
- water source of all things - Pythagoras
- Developed the Pythagorean Theorem - Empedocles
- four fundamental elements
(fire, air, earth, and water) - Democritus
- atomism - Archimedes
- law of buoyancy
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
- 753 BCE
- 1700 BCE King Romulus,
with his brother Remus. - Rome became the largest city in the world.
Roman Cities
- Forum
- large open plaza
important buildings:
o main temple
o basilica
o the law courts
o markets
o latrines and public baths
o fountains
o porticoes, colonnades, arches
Architecture (roman)
- Cathedrals, basilicas, coliseums, amphitheaters,
aqueducts
The Pantheon (roman)
- temple of all Roman gods
- Colosseum (roman)
largest amphitheater, capacity of 50,000
Arch of Septimius Severus -
monumental arch, Parthians
Tufa (roman)
native volcanic stone
Roman Aqueducts Aqua Appia
- convey water
- Aqua Appia - first aqueduct built, 312 BC
how many aqueducts Rome had?
eleven in 3rd century
Roman Numerals
- Symbols I, V, X, L, C, D, M
Bound books (roman)
- codex
- Julius Caesar, tradition of stacking papyrus
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
- Oldest civilization in Asia
- Middle Kingdom
- Famous for its Silk Trade
Silk
- Naturally produced by silkworms
- to harvest silk for paper
and clothing
SILK TRADE: bridged the gap between Western world
Tea Production
- unknown Chinese inventor
- first tea was drunk by Chinese emperor Shennong in 2737 BCE
Great Wall of China
- Emperor Qin Shi Huang
- largest and most extensive
- protect the Chinese from
invaders, - Made of stone bricks, wood, tamped earth, etc.
- Took 200 years to complete
- Made by slaves, criminals, peasants
- 31,000 steps
Gunpowder (chinese)
- Black powder , large amount of gas
- achieve immortality (elixir of life)
- fireworks to drive away evil spirits
- 75% saltpeter (potassium nitrate),
15% charcoal, 10% sulfur
3 different kinds of paper (chinese)
– 50% of bamboo; silk cloth and
plant fibers
o Silk rags
o Wooden scripts
o Silk cloth
- paper and ink :Han dynasty
- first printer :Tang dynasty
Sailboats (Sumerian)
Made of reeds
Wheel (Sumerian)
Solid disk of wood, transport agricultural products
Plow (Sumerian)
Where seeds planted at faster pace
gazette (roman)
first newspaper
- used in politics and governance
Chinese medicine
acupuncture for treatment
- needle to put treatment
