5B - Respiration/Lungs Flashcards
respiratory system
a system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasophraynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
structural divisions
upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
upper respiratory tract
nose, pharynx, larynx
lower respiratory tract
trachea, bronchi, lungs
functional divisions
conducting zone and respiratory zone
conducting zone
nose to terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
gas exchange
the process of obtaining oxygen form the environment and releasing carbon dioxide
nasal cavity
hollow space behind the nose
pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
Nasopharynx
region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate
Oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
laryngopharynx
lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus
larynx
voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
trachea
allows air to pass to and from lungs
bronchi
two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs
nostril
one of the two channels of the nose
cribriform plate
the horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity form the nasal cavity
olfactory nerve
the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain
hard palate
anterior portion, supposed by bone
soft palate
Posterior portion, not supported by bone
mucous linings
olfactory mucosa and respiratory mucosa
olfactory mucosa
the region inside the nose that contains the receptors for the sense of smell
respiratory mucosa
mucus-covered membrane that lines the tubes of the respiratory tree
conchae
three uneven, scroll-like nasal bones that extend down through the nasal cavity, bony protrusions
meatus
space underneath conchae
uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
hyoid bone
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles
how many cartilages does the larynx have?
9, mostly hyaline
vocal ligaments
form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
vestibular fold
fake vocal cord, part of the folded region of the glottis composed of mucous membrane; supports the epiglottis during swallowing
bronchial tree
branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
alveoli
tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
type 1 pneumocytes
extremely thin alveolar cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange
type 2 pneumocytes
synthesize surfactant (lecithin, phosphatidylcholine); stored in lamellar bodies
carina
point at which the trachea bifurcates into the left and right mainstem bronchi
right main bronchus
shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left
right lobar bronchi
superior, middle, inferior
interalevolar septum
contains elastic fibres that contribute to the ability of the lungs to stretch during inspiration and recoil during expiration
pulmonary capillaries
surround the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli; site of gas exchange in blood
interstitium
space containing interstitial fluid
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3
how many lobes does the left lung have?
2
how many surfaces does each lung have?
3 (costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal)
costal surface
the lung surface that lies against the ribs, matching the rounded curvature of the ribs
diaphragmatic surface
portion of the lung which borders on the thoracic diaphragm
mediastinal surface
surface of each lung facing the mediastinum
apex
tip or uppermost portion of the lung
hilum
on mediastinal surface; site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
fissures
what separates the lungs into lobes
pulmonary arteries
carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
pulmonary veins
deliver oxygen Ruch blood from the lungs to the left atrium
lymphatics
transport interstitial fluid to blood
bronchial arteries
provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue
pulmonary ligament
continuation of the parietal and visceral pleurae that extend inferiorly from the root of the lung and mediastinum
right hilum
identify the highlighted section
visceral pleura
inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung
parietal pleura
outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall
costomediastinal recess
space where the left costal and mediastinal parietal pleura meet and leave a space for the cardiac notch of the left lung (occupied by the lingula during inspiration)
costodiaphragmatic recess
potential space; when it abnormally fills with air or fluid, it compromises lung expansion
inspiration
breathing in
expiration
breathing out
alveolar pressure
pressure within the lungs
intrapleural pressure
pressure within the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
pulmonary capillary
small blood vessels connected to the alveoli where oxygen binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells and carbon dioxide is released form the hemoglobin. the oxygen-rich blood is returned to the heart while the carbon dioxide is exhaled form the lungs
fused basement membrane
between alveolar and endothelial cells
shunt
adequate perfusion but no ventilation
dead space
adequate ventilation but no perfusion
pulmonary effusion
fluid in the pleural cavity
perfusion
the supply of oxygen to and removal or wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through capillaries
