4B - Knee to foot

Question 1

Interosseus membrane (shank)

Answer 1

thick fibrous sheath maintaining orientation, important for leg stability

Question 2

medial malleolus

Answer 2

distal process on medial tibial surface

Question 3

tibial plateau

Answer 3

the top, flat portion of the tibia

Question 4

lateral malleolus

Answer 4

process forming the outer ankle

Question 5

ankle mortise

Answer 5

“hinge” that connects the ends of the tibia and fibula to the talus. Important for articulation at ankle

Question 6

popliteal fossa

Answer 6

diamond-shaped region at back of knee. key passage for neurovasculature from thigh to shank

Question 7

which muscles does the deep peroneal nerve innervate

Answer 7

anterior muscles of the shank (dorsiflexors)

Question 8

which muscles does the superior peroneal nerve innervate

Answer 8

lateral muscles of the shank (evertors)

Question 9

which muscles do the tibial nerve innervate

Answer 9

deep posterior muscles of the shank (plantar flexors) and superficial posterior muscles of the shank (plantar flexors)

Question 10

Tom, Dick, Harry

Answer 10

Tibialis posterior, flexor Digitorum longus, flexor Hallucis longus

Question 11

Tibialis anterior

Answer 11

cross the ankle, attach to tarsal bones, allow for dorsiflexion of ankle

Question 12

extensor digitorum longus

Answer 12

allows for extension of digits

Question 13

extensor hallicus longus

Answer 13

allows for extension of great toe

Question 14

superior extensor retinaculum

Answer 14

thickening of the deep fascia between the tibia and fibula above the malleoli

Question 15

inferior extensor retinaculum

Answer 15

cruciate ligament of the ankle

Question 16

fibularis brevis

Answer 16

plantar flexes and everts foot, starts at base of 5th metatarsal

Question 17

fibular retinaculum

Answer 17

band that binds down the tendons of the fibulas longus and brevis, lateral aspect inferior base of calcaneus crossing over tendons to superior aspect of calcaneus, has a superior and inferior portion

Question 18

fibular nerve

Answer 18

systemic nerve of the posterior leg that begins as part of the sciatic nerve, wraps around fibular head, splits to form deep and superficial branches

Question 19

deep branch of fibular nerve

Answer 19

innervation of tibias anterior, anterior compartment

Question 20

superficial branch of fibular nerve

Answer 20

innervation of fibulas longus, lateral compartment

Question 21

gastrocnemius

Answer 21

calf muscle, plantar flexes foot

Question 22

calcaneus

Answer 22

heel bone

Question 23

soleus

Answer 23

plantar flexion of foot

Question 24

triceps surae

Answer 24

gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 25

achilles tendon

Answer 25

attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone

Question 26

plantaris

Answer 26

tiny muscle that crosses over the knee, most of the time you don’t know its there unless its ruptured

Question 27

popliteus

Answer 27

deepest muscle, innervated by tibial nerve

Question 28

Tom, Dick, And Not Harry

Answer 28

• Tibialis posterior muscle - most anterior structure
• Digital flexors
• Artery - posterior tibial artery - going into the plantar surface of the foot
• Nerve - tibial nerve - goes into the sole of the foot
• Hallucis longus muscle - tendon that is deep in the calf that goes just to the big toe to cause flexion

Question 29

tibial nerve

Answer 29

innervate both posterior compartments (superficial and deep), course around medial malleolus and goes into foot

Question 30

tarsal bones

Answer 30

seven bones of the ankle, form plane joint which allow for little mobility

Question 31

talus

Answer 31

primary bone for articulations at the ankle

Question 32

distal tibiofibular joint

Answer 32

articulation at distal aspect of tibia and fibula, maintain rigid shape between tibia and fibula

Question 33

talocrural joint

Answer 33

articulation between talus and ankle mortise, allow for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 34

subtalar joint

Answer 34

joint underneath the talus, key for inversion and eversion

Question 35

high ankle sprain

Answer 35

clinical instance where ligaments of distal tibiofibular joint are impaired

Question 36

crural joint

Answer 36

articulation between ankle mortise (tibia and fibula) and talus

Question 37

posterior talofibular joint

Answer 37

intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the ankle joint, between talus bone and lateral malleolus of fibula; supports talus at the talocrural joint and resists excess inversions of the foot

Question 38

calcaneofibular ligament

Answer 38

an ankle ligament that connects the fibula to the calcaneus

Question 39

anterior talofibular ligament

Answer 39

intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the ankle joint, between talus bone and lateral malleolus of fibula; supports talus at the talocrural joint and resists excess inversion of the foot

Question 40

deltoid ligament

Answer 40

helps prevent excessive eversion or turning of the heel outward movement

Question 41

calcaneonavicular ligament

Answer 41

ligament inserting on the calcaneus and the navicular; supports the arch and limits abduction of the foot, “spring ligament”

Question 42

grade 1 sprain of ankle

Answer 42

stretching or slight tearing with mild tenderness, swelling and stiffness

Question 43

grade 2 sprain of ankle

Answer 43

incomplete tear with moderate pain, swelling and bruising

Question 44

grade 3 sprain

Answer 44

complete tear of ligaments with severe swelling, bruising and instability

Question 45

avulsion of the bone

Answer 45

if the ligaments are string but the bone os weak, we can tear off part of the bone

Question 46

Subtalar joint

Answer 46

a joint in the ankle found between the talus and calcaneus

Question 47

interosseus talocalcaneal ligament

Answer 47

inside of joint, divides anterior and posterior compartments