5A - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
capillaries
microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body
veins
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
what kind of arteries are elastic?
larger arteries
what kind of arteries are muscular?
smaller arteries
arterioles
small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
venules
small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
venous sinuses
drains venous blood back into heart or other veins
anastomosis
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
varicose veins
abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs
arterial supply, what does it do and where does it start?
supplies blood to the cells of the heart, begins at brachiocephalic trunk
superficial venous supply
drain superficial palmar venous arch
deep venous supply
drain palmar digital veins and deep palmar venous arch
abdominal aorta
continuation of the thoracic aorta that runs through the abdominal cavity
internal iliac artery
main artery of the pelvis
external iliac artery
supplies lower limbs
inguinal ligament
ligament extending from pubic bone to anterior superior iliac spine, forming lower border of abdomen
deep artery of the thigh
main artery that serves the thigh muscles
anterior tibial artery
supplies blood to the lower leg muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes
dorsal pedal artery
dorsal artery of the foot; continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the ankle
posterior tibial artery
artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle
medial plantar artery
arises form the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries; supplies blood to the medial plantar surfaces on the foot
fibular artery
supplies the lateral compartment of the leg
deep veins
responsible for returning blood during exercise
valves
flaps of tissue that open and close to allow the flow of blood in one direction only. The hearts valves are located at the entrances and exits of its chambers
superficial veins
return blood at rest
dorsal venous plexus
the veins of the back of the hand
mediastinum
area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, vena cava, esophagus, and trachea
superior mediastinum
upper compartment of the thoracic cavity
middle mediastinum
contains the heart, roots of great vessels, and pericardium
anterior mediastinum
between pericardium and sternum, in front of middle mediastinum
- contains loose CT, fat, lymphatic vessels, some vasculature
posterior mediastinum
posterior to the pericardium and diaphragm
- contains the thoracic aorta, esophagus, veins, lymphatic structures, nerves (vagus, phrenic, thoracic sympathetic trunk)
left pleural cavity
surrounds left lung
right pleural cavity
surrounds right lung
thoracic inlet
imaginary line between manubrium along first rib to T1
superior vena cava
a vein hat is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body
brachiocephalic artery
the first major branch off of the aorta and the major artery to the forelimbs and head
left common carotid artery
supplies left side of head and neck
left subclavian artery
third branch of the aortic arch that distributes blood to the left arm
trachea
allows air to pass to and dorm lungs
esophagus
a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
heart
a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
pericardium
double-layered membrane surrounding the heart
fibrous pericardium
thigh, white fibrous connective tissue that is the outer layer of the pericardium
serous pericardium
thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart
ascending aorta
the ascending part of the aorta as it emerges from the left ventricle
pulmonary trunk
carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries
descending thoracic aorta
the part of the aorta that runs from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, gives off numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest
vagus nerve
the tenth cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas
sympathetic trunk
nerve running along each side of the vertebral column
connective tissue
a body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts
thymus gland
located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secrets thymosin
lungs
two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration
pleura
double-layered membrane surrounding each lung
hilum
depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
pulmonary arteries
carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
pulmonary veins
deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
primary bronchi
the first branches of the trachea. there are two primary branch, one for each lung
which side of the heart has thinner walls
right side
which side of the heart has thicker walls
left side
atrial-ventricular (AV) valves
tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)
semilunar valves
pulmonary valve and aortic valve
what is it called when the heart interacts with the lungs?
pulmonary
what is it called when the heart interacts with the body
systemic
what is it called when heart interacts with itself?
coronary
right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood form the body
right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
left ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood to the body
interventricular sulcus
overlies the interventricular septum that divides the right ventricle from the left
cardiac apex
the rounded point at the bottom of the heart
great vessels
arteries and veins entering and leading the heart, leading to the body or the lungs
aortic arch
a curved blood vessel from which arteries branch to the head and neck
fossa ovale
remnant of the fetal opening between right and left atria
auricle
lumpy and wrinkled flap of the atria
ligamentum arteriosum
this structure is a remnant of a fetal vessel that connected the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
trabecular carneae
muscular ridges on the internal surface of the ventricles
papillary muscles
anchor points for chordae tendineae of VA valves
chordae tendineae
strings that attach to the papillary muscles that control the valves
tricuspid valve
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
mitral valve
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve
aortic valve
the semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
pulmonary valve
valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
heart failure
a chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out all the blood that it receives
left sided heart failure
pulmonary edema
right sided heart failure
causes swelling in extremities
pulmonary edema
fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
epicardium
outer layer of the heart
right coronary artery
artery vascularizing the right side of the heart
left coronary artery
supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum
circumflex artery
supplies the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle
heart attack
a condition in which blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing heart cells to die
myocardial infarction
medical term for heart attack
cardiac arrest
sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death
angina
a condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
cardiomyocytes
cardiac muscle cells. Contain the same contractile filaments as skeletal muscle (sarcomere)
pacemaker cells
heart cells that regularly produce spontaneous electrical impulses
non-pacemaker cells
involved in developing force during each contraction of the heart - they fire APs when stimulated
syncytium
network of cardiomyocytes connected via intercalated discs
intercalated discs
attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells
neuronal action potential
rapid depolarization (1ms) cause by fast sodium channels
cardiomyocyte action potential
much slower depolarization (200-400ms), caused by sodium + calcium
refractory period
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
sinoatrial node
pacemaker of the heart
atrioventricular node
a specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart
electrocardiogram
record of the electrical activity of the heart
PR interval of ECG
delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles
QT interval of ECG
ventricular depolarization and repolarization
QRS interval of ECG
ventricular depolarization
ST segment
time during which ventricles are contracting and emptying
systole
contraction of the heart
diastole
relaxation of the heart
