5A - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
arteries
A
carry blood away from the heart
2
Q
capillaries
A
microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body
3
Q
veins
A
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
4
Q
what kind of arteries are elastic?
A
larger arteries
5
Q
what kind of arteries are muscular?
A
smaller arteries
6
Q
arterioles
A
small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
7
Q
venules
A
small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
8
Q
venous sinuses
A
drains venous blood back into heart or other veins
9
Q
anastomosis
A
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
10
Q
varicose veins
A
abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs
11
Q
arterial supply, what does it do and where does it start?
A
supplies blood to the cells of the heart, begins at brachiocephalic trunk
12
Q
superficial venous supply
A
drain superficial palmar venous arch
13
Q
deep venous supply
A
drain palmar digital veins and deep palmar venous arch
14
Q
abdominal aorta
A
continuation of the thoracic aorta that runs through the abdominal cavity
15
Q
internal iliac artery
A
main artery of the pelvis
16
Q
external iliac artery
A
supplies lower limbs
17
Q
inguinal ligament
A
ligament extending from pubic bone to anterior superior iliac spine, forming lower border of abdomen
18
Q
deep artery of the thigh
A
main artery that serves the thigh muscles
19
Q
anterior tibial artery
A
supplies blood to the lower leg muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes
20
Q
dorsal pedal artery
A
dorsal artery of the foot; continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the ankle
21
Q
posterior tibial artery
A
artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle
22
Q
medial plantar artery
A
arises form the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries; supplies blood to the medial plantar surfaces on the foot
23
Q
fibular artery
A
supplies the lateral compartment of the leg
24
Q
deep veins
A
responsible for returning blood during exercise
25
valves
flaps of tissue that open and close to allow the flow of blood in one direction only. The hearts valves are located at the entrances and exits of its chambers
26
superficial veins
return blood at rest
27
dorsal venous plexus
the veins of the back of the hand
28
mediastinum
area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, vena cava, esophagus, and trachea
29
superior mediastinum
upper compartment of the thoracic cavity
30
middle mediastinum
contains the heart, roots of great vessels, and pericardium
31
anterior mediastinum
between pericardium and sternum, in front of middle mediastinum
- contains loose CT, fat, lymphatic vessels, some vasculature
32
posterior mediastinum
posterior to the pericardium and diaphragm
- contains the thoracic aorta, esophagus, veins, lymphatic structures, nerves (vagus, phrenic, thoracic sympathetic trunk)
33
left pleural cavity
surrounds left lung
34
right pleural cavity
surrounds right lung
35
thoracic inlet
imaginary line between manubrium along first rib to T1
36
superior vena cava
a vein hat is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body
37
brachiocephalic artery
the first major branch off of the aorta and the major artery to the forelimbs and head
38
left common carotid artery
supplies left side of head and neck
39
left subclavian artery
third branch of the aortic arch that distributes blood to the left arm
40
trachea
allows air to pass to and dorm lungs
41
esophagus
a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
42
heart
a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
43
pericardium
double-layered membrane surrounding the heart
44
fibrous pericardium
thigh, white fibrous connective tissue that is the outer layer of the pericardium
45
serous pericardium
thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart
46
ascending aorta
the ascending part of the aorta as it emerges from the left ventricle
47
pulmonary trunk
carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries
48
descending thoracic aorta
the part of the aorta that runs from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, gives off numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest
49
vagus nerve
the tenth cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas
50
sympathetic trunk
nerve running along each side of the vertebral column
51
connective tissue
a body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts
52
thymus gland
located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secrets thymosin
53
lungs
two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration
54
pleura
double-layered membrane surrounding each lung
55
hilum
depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
56
pulmonary arteries
carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
57
pulmonary veins
deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
58
primary bronchi
the first branches of the trachea. there are two primary branch, one for each lung
59
which side of the heart has thinner walls
right side
60
which side of the heart has thicker walls
left side
61
atrial-ventricular (AV) valves
tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)
62
semilunar valves
pulmonary valve and aortic valve
63
what is it called when the heart interacts with the lungs?
pulmonary
64
what is it called when the heart interacts with the body
systemic
65
what is it called when heart interacts with itself?
coronary
66
right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood form the body
67
right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
68
left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
69
left ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood to the body
70
interventricular sulcus
overlies the interventricular septum that divides the right ventricle from the left
71
cardiac apex
the rounded point at the bottom of the heart
72
great vessels
arteries and veins entering and leading the heart, leading to the body or the lungs
73
aortic arch
a curved blood vessel from which arteries branch to the head and neck
74
fossa ovale
remnant of the fetal opening between right and left atria
75
auricle
lumpy and wrinkled flap of the atria
76
ligamentum arteriosum
this structure is a remnant of a fetal vessel that connected the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
77
trabecular carneae
muscular ridges on the internal surface of the ventricles
78
papillary muscles
anchor points for chordae tendineae of VA valves
79
chordae tendineae
strings that attach to the papillary muscles that control the valves
80
tricuspid valve
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
81
mitral valve
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve
82
aortic valve
the semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
83
pulmonary valve
valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
84
heart failure
a chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out all the blood that it receives
85
left sided heart failure
pulmonary edema
86
right sided heart failure
causes swelling in extremities
87
pulmonary edema
fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
88
epicardium
outer layer of the heart
89
right coronary artery
artery vascularizing the right side of the heart
90
left coronary artery
supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum
91
circumflex artery
supplies the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle
92
heart attack
a condition in which blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing heart cells to die
93
myocardial infarction
medical term for heart attack
94
cardiac arrest
sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death
95
angina
a condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
96
cardiomyocytes
cardiac muscle cells. Contain the same contractile filaments as skeletal muscle (sarcomere)
97
pacemaker cells
heart cells that regularly produce spontaneous electrical impulses
98
non-pacemaker cells
involved in developing force during each contraction of the heart - they fire APs when stimulated
99
syncytium
network of cardiomyocytes connected via intercalated discs
100
intercalated discs
attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells
101
neuronal action potential
rapid depolarization (1ms) cause by fast sodium channels
102
cardiomyocyte action potential
much slower depolarization (200-400ms), caused by sodium + calcium
103
refractory period
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
104
sinoatrial node
pacemaker of the heart
105
atrioventricular node
a specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart
106
electrocardiogram
record of the electrical activity of the heart
107
PR interval of ECG
delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles
108
QT interval of ECG
ventricular depolarization and repolarization
109
QRS interval of ECG
ventricular depolarization
110
ST segment
time during which ventricles are contracting and emptying
111
systole
contraction of the heart
112
diastole
relaxation of the heart
