1A - Intro to Anatomy - anatomical terms, bones, axial skeleton Flashcards
Anatomical position
standing erect with arms at the side and palms turned forward
Sagittal plane
divides the body into left and right portions
Frontal plane (coronal)
divides the body into front and back portions
Transverse plane
divides the body into upper and lower portions
Anatomical sections
body’s cavities and organs with specific cuts
Longitudinal section
lengthwise cut
Transverse section
cut made along a horizontal section to divide the body into upper and lower regions
Oblique section
cut made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes
Scout line
making a line through a section and getting a new view because of it
Anatomical terms
describe the location or structures in relation to other structures or locations in the body
Proximal
Limbs, close to or toward the trunk, or toward the point of origin
Distal
Limbs, away from the trunk (toward the end of the limb), or away from the point of origin
Radial
Pertaining to the radius or the lateral side of the forearm
Ulnar
Pertaining to the medial side of the forearm
Tibial
Pertaining to the tibia or medial side of the leg
Fibular
Pertaining to the fibula or the lateral side of the leg
Palmar
Pertaining to the palm of the hand
Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
Dorsal
Pertaining to the back of the hand or the top of the foot
Pollicis
Hands and feet, pertaining to the thumb
Hallicus
Pertaining to the big toe
Cranial
Pertaining to or located toward the head
Caudal
Pertaining to or located toward the tail
Anterior - and a synonym
Pertaining to or located toward the front (synonym: ventral - used for all animals)
Posterior - and synonym
Pertaining to or located toward the back (synonym: dorsal - used for all animals)
Superior
Upper or above
Inferior
Lower or below
Axial
Structures around central axis of your body
Longitudinal
Upper body, parallel to the long axis of a structure
Horizontal
Upper body, parallel to the plane of the horizon
Vertical
Upper body, perpendicular to the plane of horizon
Medial
Upper body, toward the median plane, towards midline
Lateral
Upper body, away from the median plane, away from midline
Median
Situated at the median plane or midline
Peripheral
Situated away from the centre
Superficial
Situated near the surface
Deep
Situated far beneath the surface
External
Outer or lateral
Internal
Inner or medial
Basal
pertaining to the bottom or base
Sagittal
situated parallel to the sagittal suture
Coronal
situated parallel to the coronal suture (crown of head, front and back)
Cranial cavity
contains the brain
Vertebral canal
contains the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity
contains heart and lungs
Pericardial cavity
mediastinum, contains the heart
Left pleural cavity
surrounds left lung
Right pleural cavity
surrounds right lung
Abdominal cavity
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Subcostal
pertaining to below the rib
Umbilical
around the belly button
Epigastric
above the stomach
Flexion
decreasing an angle between bones at a joint
Extension
increasing an angle between bones at a joint
Scapula
shoulder blade
Mandible
lower jaw
Protraction definition and example
moving forward, ex. mandible and scapula
Retraction
moving backward, ex. mandible and scapula
Elevation
move in a superior direction
Depression
move in an inferior direction
Supination
palm rotates upward
Pronation
palm rotates downward
Lateral rotation
rotate away from the midline, along the long axis
Medial rotation
rotate toward midline, along long axis
Adduction
move toward midline
Abduction
move away from the midline
Circumduction
distal end makes a circle, proximal end fixed
Finger adduction
move toward midline, bring fingers together
Finger abduction
move fingers away from midline, spread them out
Thumb adduction
align thumb with hand
Thumb abduction
thumb moves anteriorly
Thumb flexion
thumb comes toward midline, frontal plane
Thumb extension
thumb moves away from midline, frontal plane
Opposition
bringing toward (oppose) other digits
Eversion
tilt sole of foot away from midline, weight on big toe
Inversion
tilt sole of foot toward midline, weight on pinky toe
Dorsiflexion
flex foot superiorly, foot pointing up
Plantar flexion
flex foot inferiorly, plant foot in the ground
Skeleton
the inner framework made up of all the bones of the body, provides support, leverage for movement, protection of vital organs, storage of minerals, production of blood cells
Axial skeleton
portion of the skeleton that consists of the skull, ribcage, and vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it
Upper limb
scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Lower limb
pelvic bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Mnemonic for carpal bones
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle
Long bone
provides strength, structure, and mobility in limbs ex. femur and humerus
Short bone
provides support and stability with limited movement ex. carpals and tarsals
Flat bone
provides protection or broad surfaces of muscle attachment ex. sternum
Irregular bone
various functions (nerve protection, skeletal muscle attachment) ex. vertebrae
Sesamoid
protect tendons from wear and tear, ex. patella
Tuberosity
large rounded elevation
Crest
ridge of bone
Trochanter
large blunt elevation
Line
linear elevation, sometimes called a ridge
Tubercle
small raised eminence (projection)
Epicondyle
eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle
Spine
thorn-like process
Process
projection or outgrowth of tissue
Head
large, round articular end
Facet
smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone
Condyle
rounded, knuckle-like articular area
Foramen
passage through bone hole
Groove
elongated depression
Fissure
groove, natural division
Notch
indentation in the edge of a bone
Fossa
hollow or depressed area
Meatus
natural body opening or canal
Sinus
sac or cavity
Landmarking
palpating bony prominences beneath the skin as reference point for locating other internal structures
Epiphyseal plate
growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
Epiphyseal line
remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones
Osteoprogenitor cells
bone stem cells
Osteoblast
cells that make bone
Osteoclast
cells that break down bone
Osteocyte
mature bone cell
Cortical bone
hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact bone
Periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints
Trabecular bone
interior, spongy bone with a porous honeycomb structure, contains bone marrow, occasionally replaced by medullary cavity
Osteoporosis
a condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily
Haversian canal
one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
Osteon
structural unit of compact bone
Cambium layer
layer of bone that contains osteablasts
Sharpey fibers
anchor to bone
Comminuted fracture
bone fragment in 3+ pieces
Compression fracture
bone is crushed
Epiphyseal fracture
epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plates (common in kids)
Depressed fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward (skull)
Spiral fracture
ragged break due to excessive twisting forces
Green stick fracture
incomplete break; one side broken, one side bent
Simple fracture
injury only to bone
Compound fracture
bone pierces skin
Neurocranium bones (5)
bones that surround the skull
- frontal
- occipital
- parietal
- sphenoid
- temporal
Viscerocranium bones (9)
facial bones,
- ethmoid
- inferior nasal concha
- lacrimal
- zygomatic
- vomer
- mandible
- maxilla
- nasal
- palatine
frontal bone
bone that forms forehead
occipital bone
bone that protrudes at base of skull (behind and below eyes)
parietal bone
bone forming the central side and upper back of each side of the skull
sphenoid bone
bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together (right in middle, sticks out into mouth)
temporal bone
bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial cavity, right and left temporal bones
ethmoid bone
forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium
inferior nasal concha
located on each side of the nasal septum, attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
lacrimal
small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts
zygomatic bone
the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek
vomer
forms the base for the nasal septum
mandible
lower jaw bone
maxilla
upper jaw bone
nasal
bridge of nose
palatine
either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits
fontanelles
soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn. can end up with clinical problems if they don’t fuse
spine
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
total number of vertebra in the spine
24
cervical vertebrae
C1-C7; first set of seven bones, forms the neck
thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12; second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine
- giraffe shaped spines
- heart shaped bodies
- costal facets
lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5; third set of five larger vertebrae, forms the inward curve of the spine
- thick bodies
- moose shaped spines
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (left and right)
kyphosis
pronounced curvature in the thoracic region
lordosis
pronounced curvature in the lumbar region
pedicle
a supporting column or stalk
lamina
part of the vertebral arch
transverse process
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
vertebral foramen
canal through which spinal cord passes
bifid spinous process
on cervical vertebrae C3-C5, forked
transverse foramen
only found in cervical vertebrae and allow passage of the vertebral artery, vein, and nerve
atlas
first cervical vertebra (C1), no body or spine
axis
C2 bone, allows one to pivot neck, dens
dens
prominence of superior aspect on C2, allows for rotation
sacrum
bone formed from five vertebrae fused together near the base of the spinal column, kyphosis
coccyx
four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
surface anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
vertebral artery
supplies blood to the spinal column and brain
circle of willis
a circle of arteries at the base of the brain that supply blood to the brain
cervical spine manipulation
risk of vertebral artery dissection, or stroke (dislodged thrombus)
as you move superior to inferior what happens to the size of vertebra
they get larger as there is more weight to bear
osteoporosis
imbalance between bone formation (osteoblast) and breakdown (osteoclast) activity.
symptoms: back pain, compression fractures
auricular surface
articulates with sacrum
sacral canal
continuation of the vertebral canal in the sacrum
sacral hiatus
inferior opening and termination of the sacral canal
Longitudinal ligaments
continuous bands from neck to sacrum that run down anterior and posterior spine
supraspinous ligament
connect tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum), on top of spinous processes
interspinous ligament
connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae, between spinous processes
ligamentum flavum
connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, between lamina processes
Atlanta-occipital joint
between atlas and skull, allows you to nod head
lateral atlantoaxial joint
between the articular processes of C1 and C2 vertebrae. allows you to shake head
zygapophyseal joint
between superior and inferior articular facets
intervertebral joint
exists between vertebrae bodies
costovertebral joint
exists between thoracic vertebra and the ribs, articulates at the body
intervertebral disc
mass of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebrae
annulus fibrosis
outer layer of the intervertebral disc. thick fibrous ring that provides support
nucleus pulposus
centre of intervertebral disc. made of soft, semifluid, mucoid material (gelatinous centre)
avascular
costotransverse joint
tubercle of rib articulates at transverse process
thoracic cage
ribs and sternum, designed to protect vital organs
how many ribs make up the thoracic cage
12
costal cartilage
the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs
sternum
breastbone
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum
what is the middle portion of the sternum called?
body
xyphoid process
bottom of sternum
suprasternal notch
hollow U-shaped depression just above the sternum, in between the clavicles
true ribs
first 7 pair of ribs; attach directly to sternum (1-7)
false ribs
last 5 of ribs (8-12)
floating ribs
last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum
inferior facet of rib
smaller facet on head of rib
superior facet of rib
larger facet on head of rib
head of rib
posterior end of a rib that articulates with the bodies of thoracic vertebrae
neck of rib
between head and tubercle
articular facet for transverse process
the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of each same-numbered vertebra
tubercle of rib
small bump on the posterior side of a rib for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra
costal angle of rib
the abrupt change in curvature of the external surface of a rib where the rib is bent in two directions and twisted along its axis
costal groove of rib
muscle attachment; arteries, veins, and nerves run in the groove
