1A - Intro to Anatomy - anatomical terms, bones, axial skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomical position
A
standing erect with arms at the side and palms turned forward
2
Q
Sagittal plane
A
divides the body into left and right portions
3
Q
Frontal plane (coronal)
A
divides the body into front and back portions
4
Q
Transverse plane
A
divides the body into upper and lower portions
5
Q
Anatomical sections
A
body’s cavities and organs with specific cuts
6
Q
Longitudinal section
A
lengthwise cut
7
Q
Transverse section
A
cut made along a horizontal section to divide the body into upper and lower regions
8
Q
Oblique section
A
cut made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes
9
Q
Scout line
A
making a line through a section and getting a new view because of it
10
Q
Anatomical terms
A
describe the location or structures in relation to other structures or locations in the body
11
Q
Proximal
A
Limbs, close to or toward the trunk, or toward the point of origin
12
Q
Distal
A
Limbs, away from the trunk (toward the end of the limb), or away from the point of origin
13
Q
Radial
A
Pertaining to the radius or the lateral side of the forearm
14
Q
Ulnar
A
Pertaining to the medial side of the forearm
15
Q
Tibial
A
Pertaining to the tibia or medial side of the leg
16
Q
Fibular
A
Pertaining to the fibula or the lateral side of the leg
17
Q
Palmar
A
Pertaining to the palm of the hand
18
Q
Plantar
A
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
19
Q
Dorsal
A
Pertaining to the back of the hand or the top of the foot
20
Q
Pollicis
A
Hands and feet, pertaining to the thumb
21
Q
Hallicus
A
Pertaining to the big toe
22
Q
Cranial
A
Pertaining to or located toward the head
23
Q
Caudal
A
Pertaining to or located toward the tail
24
Q
Anterior - and a synonym
A
Pertaining to or located toward the front (synonym: ventral - used for all animals)
25
Posterior - and synonym
Pertaining to or located toward the back (synonym: dorsal - used for all animals)
26
Superior
Upper or above
27
Inferior
Lower or below
28
Axial
Structures around central axis of your body
29
Longitudinal
Upper body, parallel to the long axis of a structure
30
Horizontal
Upper body, parallel to the plane of the horizon
31
Vertical
Upper body, perpendicular to the plane of horizon
32
Medial
Upper body, toward the median plane, towards midline
33
Lateral
Upper body, away from the median plane, away from midline
34
Median
Situated at the median plane or midline
35
Peripheral
Situated away from the centre
36
Superficial
Situated near the surface
37
Deep
Situated far beneath the surface
38
External
Outer or lateral
39
Internal
Inner or medial
40
Basal
pertaining to the bottom or base
41
Sagittal
situated parallel to the sagittal suture
42
Coronal
situated parallel to the coronal suture (crown of head, front and back)
43
Cranial cavity
contains the brain
44
Vertebral canal
contains the spinal cord
45
Thoracic cavity
contains heart and lungs
46
Pericardial cavity
mediastinum, contains the heart
47
Left pleural cavity
surrounds left lung
48
Right pleural cavity
surrounds right lung
49
Abdominal cavity
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
50
Pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
51
Subcostal
pertaining to below the rib
52
Umbilical
around the belly button
53
Epigastric
above the stomach
54
Flexion
decreasing an angle between bones at a joint
55
Extension
increasing an angle between bones at a joint
56
Scapula
shoulder blade
57
Mandible
lower jaw
58
Protraction definition and example
moving forward, ex. mandible and scapula
59
Retraction
moving backward, ex. mandible and scapula
60
Elevation
move in a superior direction
61
Depression
move in an inferior direction
62
Supination
palm rotates upward
63
Pronation
palm rotates downward
64
Lateral rotation
rotate away from the midline, along the long axis
65
Medial rotation
rotate toward midline, along long axis
66
Adduction
move toward midline
67
Abduction
move away from the midline
68
Circumduction
distal end makes a circle, proximal end fixed
69
Finger adduction
move toward midline, bring fingers together
70
Finger abduction
move fingers away from midline, spread them out
71
Thumb adduction
align thumb with hand
72
Thumb abduction
thumb moves anteriorly
73
Thumb flexion
thumb comes toward midline, frontal plane
74
Thumb extension
thumb moves away from midline, frontal plane
75
Opposition
bringing toward (oppose) other digits
76
Eversion
tilt sole of foot away from midline, weight on big toe
77
Inversion
tilt sole of foot toward midline, weight on pinky toe
78
Dorsiflexion
flex foot superiorly, foot pointing up
79
Plantar flexion
flex foot inferiorly, plant foot in the ground
80
Skeleton
the inner framework made up of all the bones of the body, provides support, leverage for movement, protection of vital organs, storage of minerals, production of blood cells
81
Axial skeleton
portion of the skeleton that consists of the skull, ribcage, and vertebral column
82
Appendicular skeleton
portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it
83
Upper limb
scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
84
Lower limb
pelvic bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
85
Mnemonic for carpal bones
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
86
Long bone
provides strength, structure, and mobility in limbs ex. femur and humerus
87
Short bone
provides support and stability with limited movement ex. carpals and tarsals
88
Flat bone
provides protection or broad surfaces of muscle attachment ex. sternum
89
Irregular bone
various functions (nerve protection, skeletal muscle attachment) ex. vertebrae
90
Sesamoid
protect tendons from wear and tear, ex. patella
91
Tuberosity
large rounded elevation
92
Crest
ridge of bone
93
Trochanter
large blunt elevation
94
Line
linear elevation, sometimes called a ridge
95
Tubercle
small raised eminence (projection)
96
Epicondyle
eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle
97
Spine
thorn-like process
98
Process
projection or outgrowth of tissue
99
Head
large, round articular end
100
Facet
smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone
101
Condyle
rounded, knuckle-like articular area
102
Foramen
passage through bone hole
103
Groove
elongated depression
104
Fissure
groove, natural division
105
Notch
indentation in the edge of a bone
106
Fossa
hollow or depressed area
107
Meatus
natural body opening or canal
108
Sinus
sac or cavity
109
Landmarking
palpating bony prominences beneath the skin as reference point for locating other internal structures
110
Epiphyseal plate
growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
111
Epiphyseal line
remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones
112
Osteoprogenitor cells
bone stem cells
113
Osteoblast
cells that make bone
114
Osteoclast
cells that break down bone
115
Osteocyte
mature bone cell
116
Cortical bone
hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact bone
117
Periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints
118
Trabecular bone
interior, spongy bone with a porous honeycomb structure, contains bone marrow, occasionally replaced by medullary cavity
119
Osteoporosis
a condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily
120
Haversian canal
one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
121
Osteon
structural unit of compact bone
122
Cambium layer
layer of bone that contains osteablasts
123
Sharpey fibers
anchor to bone
124
Comminuted fracture
bone fragment in 3+ pieces
125
Compression fracture
bone is crushed
126
Epiphyseal fracture
epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plates (common in kids)
127
Depressed fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward (skull)
128
Spiral fracture
ragged break due to excessive twisting forces
129
Green stick fracture
incomplete break; one side broken, one side bent
130
Simple fracture
injury only to bone
131
Compound fracture
bone pierces skin
132
Neurocranium bones (5)
bones that surround the skull
- frontal
- occipital
- parietal
- sphenoid
- temporal
133
Viscerocranium bones (9)
facial bones,
- ethmoid
- inferior nasal concha
- lacrimal
- zygomatic
- vomer
- mandible
- maxilla
- nasal
- palatine
134
frontal bone
bone that forms forehead
135
occipital bone
bone that protrudes at base of skull (behind and below eyes)
136
parietal bone
bone forming the central side and upper back of each side of the skull
137
sphenoid bone
bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together (right in middle, sticks out into mouth)
138
temporal bone
bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial cavity, right and left temporal bones
139
ethmoid bone
forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium
140
inferior nasal concha
located on each side of the nasal septum, attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
141
lacrimal
small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts
142
zygomatic bone
the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek
143
vomer
forms the base for the nasal septum
144
mandible
lower jaw bone
145
maxilla
upper jaw bone
146
nasal
bridge of nose
147
palatine
either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits
148
fontanelles
soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn. can end up with clinical problems if they don't fuse
149
spine
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
150
total number of vertebra in the spine
24
151
cervical vertebrae
C1-C7; first set of seven bones, forms the neck
152
thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12; second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine
- giraffe shaped spines
- heart shaped bodies
- costal facets
153
lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5; third set of five larger vertebrae, forms the inward curve of the spine
- thick bodies
- moose shaped spines
154
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (left and right)
155
kyphosis
pronounced curvature in the thoracic region
156
lordosis
pronounced curvature in the lumbar region
157
pedicle
a supporting column or stalk
158
lamina
part of the vertebral arch
159
transverse process
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
160
vertebral foramen
canal through which spinal cord passes
161
bifid spinous process
on cervical vertebrae C3-C5, forked
162
transverse foramen
only found in cervical vertebrae and allow passage of the vertebral artery, vein, and nerve
163
atlas
first cervical vertebra (C1), no body or spine
164
axis
C2 bone, allows one to pivot neck, dens
165
dens
prominence of superior aspect on C2, allows for rotation
166
sacrum
bone formed from five vertebrae fused together near the base of the spinal column, kyphosis
167
coccyx
four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
168
surface anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
169
vertebral artery
supplies blood to the spinal column and brain
170
circle of willis
a circle of arteries at the base of the brain that supply blood to the brain
171
cervical spine manipulation
risk of vertebral artery dissection, or stroke (dislodged thrombus)
172
as you move superior to inferior what happens to the size of vertebra
they get larger as there is more weight to bear
173
osteoporosis
imbalance between bone formation (osteoblast) and breakdown (osteoclast) activity.
symptoms: back pain, compression fractures
174
auricular surface
articulates with sacrum
175
sacral canal
continuation of the vertebral canal in the sacrum
176
sacral hiatus
inferior opening and termination of the sacral canal
177
Longitudinal ligaments
continuous bands from neck to sacrum that run down anterior and posterior spine
178
supraspinous ligament
connect tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum), on top of spinous processes
179
interspinous ligament
connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae, between spinous processes
180
ligamentum flavum
connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, between lamina processes
181
Atlanta-occipital joint
between atlas and skull, allows you to nod head
182
lateral atlantoaxial joint
between the articular processes of C1 and C2 vertebrae. allows you to shake head
183
zygapophyseal joint
between superior and inferior articular facets
184
intervertebral joint
exists between vertebrae bodies
185
costovertebral joint
exists between thoracic vertebra and the ribs, articulates at the body
186
intervertebral disc
mass of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebrae
187
annulus fibrosis
outer layer of the intervertebral disc. thick fibrous ring that provides support
188
nucleus pulposus
centre of intervertebral disc. made of soft, semifluid, mucoid material (gelatinous centre)
avascular
189
costotransverse joint
tubercle of rib articulates at transverse process
190
thoracic cage
ribs and sternum, designed to protect vital organs
191
how many ribs make up the thoracic cage
12
192
costal cartilage
the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs
193
sternum
breastbone
194
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum
195
what is the middle portion of the sternum called?
body
196
xyphoid process
bottom of sternum
197
suprasternal notch
hollow U-shaped depression just above the sternum, in between the clavicles
198
true ribs
first 7 pair of ribs; attach directly to sternum (1-7)
199
false ribs
last 5 of ribs (8-12)
200
floating ribs
last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum
201
inferior facet of rib
smaller facet on head of rib
202
superior facet of rib
larger facet on head of rib
203
head of rib
posterior end of a rib that articulates with the bodies of thoracic vertebrae
204
neck of rib
between head and tubercle
205
articular facet for transverse process
the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of each same-numbered vertebra
206
tubercle of rib
small bump on the posterior side of a rib for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra
207
costal angle of rib
the abrupt change in curvature of the external surface of a rib where the rib is bent in two directions and twisted along its axis
208
costal groove of rib
muscle attachment; arteries, veins, and nerves run in the groove
