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Immunology > 58-Resolution and Repair > Flashcards

58-Resolution and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

How do you downregulate inflammation

A

Stop proinflammatory stimuli
Increase lipoxin
Nitric oxide production
Anti inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-10 and TGF-B)

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2
Q

What does lipoxin do?

A

antifinflammatory, inhibit neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis
From arachidonic acid, leukocyte enter tissue and leukotrienes get converted to lipoxins

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3
Q

What does nitric oxide do

A

reduce leukocyte recruitment and decrease platelet activation

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4
Q

What does cytokine IL10 do

A

Released by macrophage to down regulate macrophage (negative feedback) for anti inflammation

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5
Q

What does TGF-B do

A

suppress acute inflammation

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6
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation

A 
Complete restitution, no permanent damage, regain function
Tissue replacement (fibrosis)
Progress to chronic inflammation
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7
Q

What causes an acute inflammation to progress to chronic

A

Persistence of injurious agent
interference with healing
autoimmunity

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8
Q

Outcomes of chronic inflammation

A

Healing with or without scar

Tissue damage

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9
Q

What does organized mean

A

In growth of fibroblasts into the blood vessel wall, leads to scarring
A subtype of healing response

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10
Q

What is critical to the survival of an organism

A

Ability to repair damage

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11
Q

Functions of inflammatory response

A

Eliminate insult and tissue damage

Start process of repair

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12
Q

2 ways to heal

A

regeneration and scar formation

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13
Q

What is regeneration

A

Replace damaged cells and return to normal state, mild injury, no damage to underlying tissue

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14
Q

What is scar formation

A

Incapable of regeneration or supporting structures are severely damaged
Deposition of fibrous tissue, severe injury

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15
Q

Regeneration depends on what

A

proliferative ability of cell
Growth factors
Interactions between cells and matrix

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16
Q

Type soft proliferative tissues

A

labile, stable, permanent

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17
Q

What are labile tissues

A

Readily regenerate, continuously dividing
Intact basement membrane
Bone marrow, epithelial, GI

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18
Q

What are stable tissues

A

Normally quiet but can proliferate

parenchyma, endothelial, fibroblasts, smooth muscle

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19
Q

What are permanent tissues

A

Non proliferative
Terminally differentiated
Neurons and cardiac muscle

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20
Q

Types of stem cells

A

Embryonic and adult

Labile tissues

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21
Q

Characteristics of adult stem cells

A

Limited capacity of self renewal

Can only become cell from where it is found

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22
Q

What is asymmetric replication

A

1 daughter cell differentiates and matures

1 cell remains undifferentiated for self renewal

23
Q

what are growth factors

A

Proteins that stimulate survival and proliferation, migration, and differentiation

24
Q

What produces growth factors

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes
Except HFG (fibroblasts, stromal cells in liver)
VEGF (mesenchymal cells)

25
Q

What are the growth factors

A 
EGF
TGF a and b
HGF
VEGF
PDGF
FGF
26
Q

Types of ECM

A

Interstitial matrix

Basement membrane

27
Q

What makes up basement membrane

A

Type 4 collagen
laminin
proteoglycan

28
Q

What makes up interstitial matrix

A

fibrillar collagen
Elation
proteoglycan
hyaluronan

29
Q

What does the ECM do

A

Regulate proliferation, movement, differentiation, reservoir for growth factors, mechanical support
TISSUE REGENERATION!! If ECM is destroyed=scar formation

30
Q

When does scar formation occur

A

Severe or chronic tissue damage to cells or ECM
Injury to non dividing cells
Replace cells with connective tissue (fibrosis)

31
Q

What is gliosis

A

Scarring in brain from glial cells (astrocytes)

32
Q

Steps in scar formation

A

Injury
Inflammation
Translation tissue
Scar formation

33
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

New vessel growth

34
Q

What is fibrogenesis

A

Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and depositing collagen

35
Q

What is granulation tissue

A

Angiogenesis and fibrogenesis

36
Q

When does repair begin

A

24 hours

37
Q

When does graduation tissue appear

A

3-5 days

38
Q

What mediates angiogenesis

A

VEGF

39
Q

When is angiogenesis needed

A

Critical for healing
Collateral circulation for ischemic
Tumor growth

40
Q

What are the steps for fibrogenesis

A

Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts

Deposition of ECM

41
Q

What mediates fibrogenesis

A

TGF-B

42
Q

What does TGF-B do

A

produce collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycan

Inhibit collagen degradation

43
Q

What happens if you don’t have normal collagen synthesis

A

Wont heal normally

44
Q

What is fibrinous

A

Containing fibrin

Insoluble protein from fibrinogen

45
Q

What is fibrou

A

Containing fibroblasts and collagen

46
Q

What is granulation tissue

A

Early scar

Highly vascular, fibroblasts, loose ECM, inflammatory cells

47
Q

What is a granuloma

A

Inflammation with epithelioid macrophages

48
Q

What synthesizes remodeling of scar

A

fibroblasts

49
Q

What synthesizes degradation of scar

A

metalloproteinases (MMP)

50
Q

Factors that influence tissue repair

A 
Infection
Nutrition
Steroids (anti inflammatory)
mechanical variables
Poor perfusion
Foreign bodies
location
keloid
51
Q

What is the most important factor for tissue repair

A

infection

52
Q

What nutrient is important for collagen synthesis

A

Vitamin c

53
Q

What is a keloid

A

Accumulation of collagen, prominent raised scar

54
Q

3 phases of wound healing

A

Inflammation
Translation tissue formation
Contraction of wound, ECM deposition, remodeling

Immunology (19 decks)

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