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Immunology > 47-Overview of Immunology > Flashcards

47-Overview of Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

The study of the response of an organism to microbes and allergens

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2
Q

Why is immunology important for clinical biology?

A

T cells are involved in most major pathological disorders

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3
Q

When was the initial description of immunity

A

5000 BCE in China

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4
Q

What did Thucydides do?

A

In 430 BCE first used the word immunity to describe individuals that survived the plague did not get sick again “immunological memory”

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5
Q

When was the 1st purposeful injection?

A

1000 in China “variolation”. Blew smallpox pus into noses. Variolation 2% death rate. small pox 35% death rate

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6
Q

What did Edward Jenner do?

A

Observed that milk maids didn’t get smallpox because they were exposed to cowpox. Infected the gardener’s son with cow pox and then small pox “vaccination”

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7
Q

What did Robert Koch do?

A

In 1876 proved the germ theory with the causative agent for anthrax

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8
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do?

A

1880’s developed live attenuated vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

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9
Q

When was the germ theory developed?

A

1840

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10
Q

What did Elie Metchnikoff do?

A

In 1883 discovered phagocytic white blood cell ingesting pathogens “macrophages”

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11
Q

What did Emil von Behring do?

A

In 1890 identified serum of animals immune to diphtheria had antibodies

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12
Q

What did Shibasaburo Kitasato do?

A

In 1890 identified serum of animals immune to diphtheria had antibodies

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13
Q

What did Emile Roux do?

A

Worked with Behring and Kitasato to develop first anti-serum treatment for diphtheria

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14
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Organism with ability to cause host damage

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15
Q

How does the immune system differentiate between pathogen and non pathogen?

A

It can’t. it just responds to microbes

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16
Q

Pathogenicity of microbe is defined by what?

A

The microbe and the immune response

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17
Q

Infection and disease are….?

A

Related, but distinct. You can get infected without getting a disease

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18
Q

What are the different types of pathogens?

A

Virus, Bacteria, Parasite, Worm

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19
Q

The immune system can respond to what external substances?

A

Allergens

20
Q

What are the 3 main lines of defense against a pathogen?

A

Barriers, Innate response, Adaptive response

21
Q

What are examples of barriers?

A

physical, chemical, microbiome

22
Q

What are the types of innate response?

A

phagocytosis, granulocytes, inflammation, proteins

23
Q

What are the types of adaptive response?

A

T cells, B cells/antibodies

24
Q

How does a barrier fail?

A

wounds, defective membrane, chronic disease, malnutrition, insect bites, pathogenicity

25
Q

What happens when a barrier fails?

A

Innate response starts

26
Q

How long does it take for the innate response to start?

A

Minutes to hours

27
Q

What is the response initiator for innate response?

A

broad classes of molecules

28
Q

How long does it take for the adaptive response to start?

A

days to weeks

29
Q

what is the response initiator for adaptive response?

A

specific antigen

30
Q

What is the timing of an immune response?

A

Barrier is breaches, rapid activation of innate response then adaptive immune response is activated to clear pathogen. Adaptive immune cells develop into memory cells

31
Q

What is required for the immune response?

A

both the innate and adaptive immunity

32
Q

innate immune response is activated by what?

A

pattern recognition receptors

33
Q

pattern recognition receptors are activated by what?

A

conserved features of pathogens (cell wall, nucleic acids, bacterial flagellin) essential for viability

34
Q

examples of pattern recognition receptors:

A

TLR, NLR, RIG-I

35
Q

What is inflammation?

A

hallmark of the activation of the innate immune response

36
Q

how is inflammation activated?

A

release of inflammatory mediators

37
Q

what are the five signs of inflammation?

A 
redness (rubor)
heat (calor)
swelling (tumor)
pain (dolor)
loss of function
38
Q

what are the 4 functions of inflammation?

A

recruit immune cells
enhance immune cell function
limit spread of infection
promote tissue repair

39
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A

chemotaxis (movement to site of infection)
ingestion of pathogen into phagosome
formation of phagolysosome by fusing to lysosome
digestion of pathogen
release of debris that is highly inflammatory

40
Q

where does t cell activation occur?

A

secondary lymphoid tissues
1-lymph nodes: antigens from tissues via lymph system
2-spleen: antigens from bloodstream via circulatory
3-Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues: antigens from mucosal surfaces

41
Q

What is the role of the secondary lymphoid organs

A

localize antigen specific T and B cells with their antigen

42
Q

How is the adaptive immune response activated?

A

antigen receptors on the surface of B and T cells

43
Q

What does the T cell receptor associate with?

A

MHC molecules bound to specific antigen

44
Q

What does the B cell receptor associate with?

A

free antigens

45
Q

What is the hallmark of adaptive immune response?

A

Clonal Expansion

46
Q

What is Clonal expansion?

A

recognition of antigen by BCR or TCR results in proliferation of the cell to increase numbers and fight infection

47
Q

Explain how memory t and plasma cells respond to reinfection

A

1st encounter: expansion of specific T cells followed by contraction. remaining T cells differentiate into memory T cells. memory B cells and plasma cells also form
2nd encounter: Protective immunity, rapid expansion of t cells and enhanced antibody production before disease
infection years later: Immunological memory, expansion of t and b cells and increased antibody production before full blown disease occurs

Immunology (19 decks)

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