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Immunology > 46-Intro to Medical Microbiology 2 > Flashcards

46-Intro to Medical Microbiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a virus

A 
Nucleic acid with protein coat
Can have a lipid envelope
Not alive, depend entirely on host cell
Not metabolically active
Smaller than bacteria
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2
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

Virus that infect and replicate in bacteria

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3
Q

DNA in a virus

A

double stranded, replicates in nucleus

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4
Q

RNA in virus

A

Single stranded, replicate in cytoplasm

Can be positive or negative

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5
Q

Positive sense RNA

A

Ready for translation

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6
Q

Negative sense RNA

A

Requires complementary strand synthesis

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7
Q

Lipid envelope

A

On some viruses

Non enveloped. Viruses are particularly hardy like norovirus

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8
Q

virion

A

Individual virus particle

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9
Q

capsid

A

Proteins associated with nucleic acid

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10
Q

capsomers

A

Individual proteins making up capsid

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11
Q

Spike proteins

A

Specific binding or enzymatic functions

Emerging from capsid of naked virus or membrane of enveloped virus

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12
Q

HIV

A

Reverse transcriptase during replication

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13
Q

Shape of capsomers

A

Helical or spherical (icosahedral)

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14
Q

Virus life cycle at cell level

A 
Adsorption
Penetration and uncaring
Synthesis
Assembly
release
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15
Q

Virus life cycle at organisms level

A 
Attachment
Spread
Replication
Evasion
transmission
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16
Q

adsorption

A

Interactions between viral proteins and specific host proteins

Have particular tropism

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17
Q

Penetration and uncoating

A

Need to get through cytoplasmic membrane to cytoplasm/nucleus for replication
Enveloped-fuse membrane
Naked-lyse

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18
Q

Synthesis and replication

A

+sense RNA ready to translate
-sense RNA need to generate +sense first
DNA transcribe mRNA

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19
Q

Assembly of virions

A

Helical-capsid proteins form around nucleic acid

icosahedral- capsid assembles and nucleic acid threaded in

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20
Q

release

A

Enveloped-membrane budding

Naked-cell lysis

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21
Q

influenza

A

Enveloped negative sense RNA with 8 genome segments

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22
Q

Adsorption of flu

A

hemagluttinin binds sialic acids

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23
Q

Uncoating of flu

A

Membrane fusion

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24
Q

Synthesis of flu

A

Happens in nucleus, use RNA dependent RNA polymerase to make +mRNA, goes to cytoplasm to make proteins and -mRNA

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25
Assembly and release of flu
Virus capsid buds out | Neuraminidase cleanse sialic acid to release virion
26
High mutation rate of RNA virus from RDRP
Help virus evade immunity by causing gradual changes in viral proteins reason for revaccination every year!
27
Antigenic drift
Gradual changes in viral protiens
28
Antigenic shift
Large changes caused by: Segmentation of genome Infection of humans and animals coinfections Only type A influenza
29
Immunity to flu
Presence of antibodies against hemaglutanin and neuraminidase
30
sialic acids
Bind hemaglutanin Human 2-6 Birds 2-3 Pigs 2-3 and 2-6: mixing vessels
31
Where do viruses grow
Cell culture
32
PCR
Diagnostics For DNA virus
33
Reverse transcriptase PCR
diagnosticsRNA virus
34
Serology
Detection of antibodies to virus
35
Viral latency
Viruses can cause lifelong infection Herpes 1: oral ulcers Herpes 2: genital ulcers VZV: chicken pox/shingles
36
What does innate immunity detect
Nucleic acids dsRNA: not normal, cells infected by RNA virus that have died 5'triphosphate viral ssRNA: generated during RNA virus replication, recognized by RIG-I
37
M2 protein
Made by flu virus, channel for acidification of virion | Lowers pH and is detected by NLRP3
38
NLRP3
cytosolic protein, detect damage and stimulate cytokine production and stimulate inflammation Detect non self and damaged self
39
Type 1 interferons
Interfere with viral replication Impair protein uncoating, replication, protein synthesis Enhanced antigen presentation
40
What does innate immunity do after detection of virus
Type 1 interferon Programmed cell death Activation of neighboring immune cells
41
virulence factors
Specific traits that permit evasion of host immunity
42
Virulence factors in flue
hemagglutinin that permit binding and uptake into respiratory cells Ability to uncoat Antigenic shift and drift
43
Epstein Barr virus
Mononucleosis | Herpes virus that transforms infected B lymphocytes into long lived cells (prevent cell death)
44
Virus pathology
Tissue damage and illness due to host response Too little=uncontrolled replication Too robust=excessive inflammation and organ damage
45
yeast
Single celled Round or oval Reproduce by budding Candida
46
molds
multicellular Form hyphae and Candida Skin infections
47
dimorphic
Switch between yeast and mold
48
Fungi reproduction
asexually and form conidia (spores)
49
fungi
eukaryotes capsule to inhibit phagocytosis cell wall Cell membrane
50
cell wall components in fungus
chitins, glucans, mannins B-D-glucan syntheses is target for antifungals
51
Cell membrane components in fungus
ergosterol and sterols Targets for antifungals
52
toxin production from fungus
alatoxicosis from contaminated food | Hypersensitivity/allergy
53
Infection from fungus
Superficial Cutaneous:tinea pedis Subcutaneous Systemic: opportunistic, endemic mycosis
54
Candidiasis
``` Yeast Common:C. albicans Human commensal Form pseudohyphae to permit survival Opportunistic-diabetes, antibiotics, ill, neutrophils deficiency ```
55
Endemic mycoses | histoplasmosis
dimorphic NOT commensals In soil in the Midwest Ingested by macrophages and grow within them
56
Targets of antifungals
Mannans B-D-glucan ergosterol
57
parasites
Protozoa | worms
58
protozoa
Single celled | Amebic, ciliated, flagellated, nonmotile
59
malaria
Parasite of red blood cells and liver cells
60
Worms (helminthes)
``` Nematodes (roundworms) flatworms cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes) ```
61
schistosomiasis
Human interacts with cercariae, adult flukes, eggs | Disease caused by chronic inflammation and immune response to eggs laid by females
62
Immune response to helminths
Type TH2, eosinophilic inflammation and IgE | Resembles inflammation seen in allergies
63
Disease equation
Organism inoculum # * virulence ___________ Host defense

Immunology (19 decks)

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