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Immunology > 46-Intro to Medical Microbiology 2 > Flashcards

46-Intro to Medical Microbiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a virus

A 
Nucleic acid with protein coat
Can have a lipid envelope
Not alive, depend entirely on host cell
Not metabolically active
Smaller than bacteria
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2
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

Virus that infect and replicate in bacteria

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3
Q

DNA in a virus

A

double stranded, replicates in nucleus

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4
Q

RNA in virus

A

Single stranded, replicate in cytoplasm

Can be positive or negative

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5
Q

Positive sense RNA

A

Ready for translation

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6
Q

Negative sense RNA

A

Requires complementary strand synthesis

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7
Q

Lipid envelope

A

On some viruses

Non enveloped. Viruses are particularly hardy like norovirus

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8
Q

virion

A

Individual virus particle

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9
Q

capsid

A

Proteins associated with nucleic acid

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10
Q

capsomers

A

Individual proteins making up capsid

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11
Q

Spike proteins

A

Specific binding or enzymatic functions

Emerging from capsid of naked virus or membrane of enveloped virus

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12
Q

HIV

A

Reverse transcriptase during replication

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13
Q

Shape of capsomers

A

Helical or spherical (icosahedral)

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14
Q

Virus life cycle at cell level

A 
Adsorption
Penetration and uncaring
Synthesis
Assembly
release
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15
Q

Virus life cycle at organisms level

A 
Attachment
Spread
Replication
Evasion
transmission
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16
Q

adsorption

A

Interactions between viral proteins and specific host proteins

Have particular tropism

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17
Q

Penetration and uncoating

A

Need to get through cytoplasmic membrane to cytoplasm/nucleus for replication
Enveloped-fuse membrane
Naked-lyse

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18
Q

Synthesis and replication

A

+sense RNA ready to translate
-sense RNA need to generate +sense first
DNA transcribe mRNA

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19
Q

Assembly of virions

A

Helical-capsid proteins form around nucleic acid

icosahedral- capsid assembles and nucleic acid threaded in

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20
Q

release

A

Enveloped-membrane budding

Naked-cell lysis

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21
Q

influenza

A

Enveloped negative sense RNA with 8 genome segments

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22
Q

Adsorption of flu

A

hemagluttinin binds sialic acids

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23
Q

Uncoating of flu

A

Membrane fusion

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24
Q

Synthesis of flu

A

Happens in nucleus, use RNA dependent RNA polymerase to make +mRNA, goes to cytoplasm to make proteins and -mRNA

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25
Q

Assembly and release of flu

A

Virus capsid buds out

Neuraminidase cleanse sialic acid to release virion

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26
Q

High mutation rate of RNA virus from RDRP

A

Help virus evade immunity by causing gradual changes in viral proteins

reason for revaccination every year!

27
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Gradual changes in viral protiens

28
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Large changes caused by:
Segmentation of genome
Infection of humans and animals
coinfections

Only type A influenza

29
Q

Immunity to flu

A

Presence of antibodies against hemaglutanin and neuraminidase

30
Q

sialic acids

A

Bind hemaglutanin
Human 2-6
Birds 2-3
Pigs 2-3 and 2-6: mixing vessels

31
Q

Where do viruses grow

A

Cell culture

32
Q

PCR

A

Diagnostics For DNA virus

33
Q

Reverse transcriptase PCR

A

diagnosticsRNA virus

34
Q

Serology

A

Detection of antibodies to virus

35
Q

Viral latency

A

Viruses can cause lifelong infection
Herpes 1: oral ulcers
Herpes 2: genital ulcers
VZV: chicken pox/shingles

36
Q

What does innate immunity detect

A

Nucleic acids
dsRNA: not normal, cells infected by RNA virus that have died
5’triphosphate viral ssRNA: generated during RNA virus replication, recognized by RIG-I

37
Q

M2 protein

A

Made by flu virus, channel for acidification of virion

Lowers pH and is detected by NLRP3

38
Q

NLRP3

A

cytosolic protein, detect damage and stimulate cytokine production and stimulate inflammation
Detect non self and damaged self

39
Q

Type 1 interferons

A

Interfere with viral replication
Impair protein uncoating, replication, protein synthesis
Enhanced antigen presentation

40
Q

What does innate immunity do after detection of virus

A

Type 1 interferon
Programmed cell death
Activation of neighboring immune cells

41
Q

virulence factors

A

Specific traits that permit evasion of host immunity

42
Q

Virulence factors in flue

A

hemagglutinin that permit binding and uptake into respiratory cells
Ability to uncoat
Antigenic shift and drift

43
Q

Epstein Barr virus

A

Mononucleosis

Herpes virus that transforms infected B lymphocytes into long lived cells (prevent cell death)

44
Q

Virus pathology

A

Tissue damage and illness due to host response

Too little=uncontrolled replication
Too robust=excessive inflammation and organ damage

45
Q

yeast

A

Single celled
Round or oval
Reproduce by budding
Candida

46
Q

molds

A

multicellular
Form hyphae and Candida
Skin infections

47
Q

dimorphic

A

Switch between yeast and mold

48
Q

Fungi reproduction

A

asexually and form conidia (spores)

49
Q

fungi

A

eukaryotes
capsule to inhibit phagocytosis
cell wall
Cell membrane

50
Q

cell wall components in fungus

A

chitins, glucans, mannins

B-D-glucan syntheses is target for antifungals

51
Q

Cell membrane components in fungus

A

ergosterol and sterols

Targets for antifungals

52
Q

toxin production from fungus

A

alatoxicosis from contaminated food

Hypersensitivity/allergy

53
Q

Infection from fungus

A

Superficial
Cutaneous:tinea pedis
Subcutaneous
Systemic: opportunistic, endemic mycosis

54
Q

Candidiasis

A 
Yeast
Common:C. albicans
Human commensal
Form pseudohyphae to permit survival
Opportunistic-diabetes, antibiotics, ill, neutrophils deficiency
55
Q

Endemic mycoses

histoplasmosis

A

dimorphic
NOT commensals
In soil in the Midwest
Ingested by macrophages and grow within them

56
Q

Targets of antifungals

A

Mannans
B-D-glucan
ergosterol

57
Q

parasites

A

Protozoa

worms

58
Q

protozoa

A

Single celled

Amebic, ciliated, flagellated, nonmotile

59
Q

malaria

A

Parasite of red blood cells and liver cells

60
Q

Worms (helminthes)

A 
Nematodes (roundworms)
flatworms cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes)
61
Q

schistosomiasis

A

Human interacts with cercariae, adult flukes, eggs

Disease caused by chronic inflammation and immune response to eggs laid by females

62
Q

Immune response to helminths

A

Type TH2, eosinophilic inflammation and IgE

Resembles inflammation seen in allergies

63
Q

Disease equation

A

Organism inoculum # * virulence
___________
Host defense

Immunology (19 decks)

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