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Immunology > 43-Histology of the Skin > Flashcards

43-Histology of the Skin Flashcards

1
Q

3 regions of skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
hypodermis

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2
Q

What is the epidermis

A

Most superficial layer

Physical barrier and immunological protection

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3
Q

What is the dermis

A

2nd layer
Support and elasticity of the skin
Contains immune cells
Vascular, neural and adnexal structures

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4
Q

What is the hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous connective tissue

adipose tissue

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5
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis

A

corneum
granulosum
spinulosum
basale

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6
Q

Thickest and thinnest layers of epidermis

A

Palms and soles

Genital and face

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7
Q

keratinocytes

A

90% of cells in epidermis

Continuously turned over every 28 days

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8
Q

Keratin intermediate filaments

A

tonofilaments aggregate and form tonofibrils

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9
Q

Basal keratinocytes

A

5 and 14

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10
Q

suprabasal keratinocytes

A

1 and 10

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11
Q

What is the stratum basale

A

mitotically active

Columnar cells attacted to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes

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12
Q

What are hemidesmosomes

A

Connect cell to basement membrane, 1 plaque composed of bulbous pemphigoid antigen 1

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13
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Connect cell to cell, 2 plaques

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14
Q

What makes up a desmosome

A

2 electron dense attachment plaques

plakoglobin and desmoplakin

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15
Q

What are the cytoplasmic plaques made of

A

plakoglobin and desmoplakin

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16
Q

What are cadherins

A

glycocalyx between desmosomal plaques that contain desmogleins and desmocollins
Involved in calcium binding and adhesion

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17
Q

What makes the Keratin filaments

A

Basal and spinous layer

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18
Q

What is the spinous layer

A

Progressive maturation, accumulation of keratin

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19
Q

What is the granular layer

A

keratinocytes are flattened and filled with keratohyaline granules

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20
Q

What are keratohyaline granules

A

Not membrane bound, contain proteins and lipids

For interfibrillary matrix of fillaggrin and the marginal band

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21
Q

What layer changes thickness depending on location

A

Granular layer
1-3 usually
Up to 10 in palms and soles

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22
Q

What is the interfibrillary matrix of filaggrin

A

Cements Keratin filaments together

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23
Q

What is the marginal band

A

Inner lining of horny/cornfield cells

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24
Q

What forms waterproof barrier

A

keratohyalin granules and desmosomal connections

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25
Q

What do granular cells contain

A

lysosomal enzymes to dissolve nucleus and organells

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26
Q

What is the stratum coneum

A

Dead and dying cells with mature Keratin, no nucleus, verticals stacks

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27
Q

What are the layers of the basement membrane

A

Plasma membrane
lamina lucid
Lamina dense (type 4)
Sub basal lamina

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28
Q

What is the function of the dermis

A

thermoregulation, vascular network, support and elasticity of skin

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29
Q

What are the 2 zones of the dermis

A

Papillary and reticular

30
Q

What is the papillary dermis

A

Superficial dermal layer

Loose connective tissue-type 3

31
Q

Where and what are the meissners corpuscles

A

Papillary dermis

mediate touch

32
Q

What is the function of the papillary dermis

A

Vasculature to epidermis and thermoregulation

33
Q

What is the reticular dermis

A

Below papillary dermis

Dense irregular CT-type 1

34
Q

what is the function of the reticular dermi

A

Strength and elasticity

35
Q

What do autonomic nerves supply

A

Blood vessels
arrector pile
eccrine glands
apocrine glands

NOT sebaceous

36
Q

What and where are vater pacini corpuscles

A

subcutis

Sense pressure

37
Q

what are melanocytes

A

dendritic cells from neural crest origin

38
Q

What are epidermal melanin units

A

A melanocyte that supplies melanin to group of keratinocytes

39
Q

Where is melanin produced

A

Organelles called melanosomes

40
Q

What is tyrosinase

A

Enzyme that converts tyrosine to malanin

41
Q

How are melanosomes transferred

A

To keratinocytes through phagocytosis

42
Q

What does pigmentation depend on

A

Amount of melanin and distribution of melanosomes

43
Q

Most melanocytes

A

face and genitals

44
Q

melanization of light vs. dark skin

A

L- stage 1 and 2

D- stage 4

45
Q

melanosome size L. vs D

A

L-small

D-big

46
Q

Number of melanosome per cell L vs D

A

L-20

D-200

47
Q

Distribution of melanosomes L vs. D

A

L-grouped

D-single

48
Q

Degradation of melanosomes L vs D

A

L-fast

D-slow

49
Q

What are Langerhans cells

A

Bone marrow derived dendritic cells

Antigen presenting cell, immunity

50
Q

What destroys Langerhans cells

A

UV light

51
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found

A

suprabasilar epidermis and dermis

52
Q

What and where are sebaceous glands

A

Everywhere but palms and soles
Secrete sebum
holocrine glands (decomposition of their cells)

53
Q

What are sebaceous glands on eyelids

A

Glands of Zeis and meibomian glands

54
Q

What controls sebaceous glands

A

endocrine

55
Q

What and where are apocrine glands

A

Scent glands
axillae and genitals, external auditory meatus (ceruminous glands), eyelid (molls)
Scent glands
Decapitation secretion

56
Q

What controls apocrine gland secretion

A

Adrenergic sympathetic innervation

57
Q

What are eccrine glands

A

sweat glands

heat regulation

58
Q

What controls eccrine secretion

A

cholinergic stimuli

59
Q

What are the 2 cell types of eccrine glands

A

Clear cells-aqueous material and glycogen

Dark cells-sialomucin

60
Q

What supplies arrector pile muscle

A

Adrenergic nerves during cold or emotional stress

61
Q

What is the hair bulb

A

Lower end of hair shaft with hair matrix for rapidly dividing cells

62
Q

What produces hair pigment

A

mealanocytes

63
Q

How do hair and nails keritinize

A

NO keratohyalin granules

Use tonofilaments that harden using disulfide bonds

64
Q

3 cycles of hair growth

A

anagen-actively growing 80-90% of hair
Cartage-catatonic/growth arresting, decrease mitosis activity, bulb shrinks
telogen-resting phase, shedding

65
Q

Function of nails

A

Protective covering and grasping objects

66
Q

What in the lunula

A

Distal portion of matrix, determine shape of free edge

67
Q

Lateral and proximal nail folds

A

Folds of skin covering nail

68
Q

hyponychium

A

Skin under the free edge

69
Q

Things that decrease nail growth

A

Viruses, starvation, anemia

70
Q

Things that increase nail growth

A

Pregnancy, nail biting, trauma

Immunology (19 decks)

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