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Immunology > 45-Intro to Medical Microbiology 1 > Flashcards

45-Intro to Medical Microbiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

5 obligatory capabilities of medically important microbes

A 
Attachment
Spread
Replication
Evasion of host defenses
Transmission/shedding
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2
Q

colonize

A

Exists without causing disease

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3
Q

infection

A

Organism is causing disease

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4
Q

commensal

A

Live on/in without causing disease

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5
Q

parasite

A

Live on/in and causes illness

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6
Q

reservoir

A

Where organisms is maintained (human, environment, animals)

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7
Q

Gram stain

A

Used to see shape, arrangement, and color

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8
Q

Gram positive

A

Thick peptidoglycan, hold violet stain, appear dark blue

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9
Q

Gram negative

A

thin peptidoglycan, lose violet stain, appear pink

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10
Q

Shape of bacteria

A

cocci-round
Bacillus-rod
Spirochete-spiral

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11
Q

Arrangement of bacgteria

A

Cluster
Chain
diplo

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12
Q

peptidoglycan made of what

A

Interlinked polysaccharide and peptide chains cross linked with NAM and NAG

Target for B-lactam (penicillin)

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13
Q

Function of peptidoglycan

A

structure and rigidity of bacteria

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14
Q

porins

A

Gram negative

Passage of nutrients and antibiotics

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15
Q

lipopolysaccharides

A

Gram negative
Caused endotoxin and illness
Recognized by MAMPs

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16
Q

Beta lactamases

A

Produced by bacteria to hydrolyzed B-lactam antibiotics

Also used to kill other bacteria

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17
Q

Bacterial DNA

A

prokaryote
1-10 megabases
Distinct transmissible DNA units (plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages)

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18
Q

Bacterial DNA replication

A

Requires DNA polymerase

DNA gyrate and topoisomerase for unwinding-targeted by fluoriquinolones

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19
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80S (60S and 40S)

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20
Q

Bacteria ribosomes

A

70S (50S and 30S)

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21
Q

Growth curve depends on

A

nutrient availability, pH, bacterial concentration

22
Q

When are toxins produced

A

Stationary phase

23
Q

What is a biofilm

A

Produced by bacteria to protect from immune system

24
Q

Phases of growth curve

A

Lag
Log/exponential
Stationary
death

25
What are spores
Formed from bacteria Highly resistant to drying, heat, chemicals Can regenerate when conditions permit
26
obligate aerobes
require oxygen for survival | TB
27
anaerobes
Killed by oxygen | Colon bacteria
28
Facultative anaerobes
grow aerobically or anaerobically
29
microaerophilic
grow best at low oxygen
30
Innate immunity
Respond to foreign material Genetically encoded from birth Barriers-skin and mucosa Preformed proteins-complement system, natural antibodies phagocytes-neutrophils, macrophages
31
microbe associated molecular pattern MAMPs
Innate immune system recognizes these non self | Pattern recognition receptors
32
Damage associated molecular pattern DAMPs
Body senses signs of injury
33
Role of phagocytes
confine, kill and clear invaders
34
pathogen
Organisms that make us ill Hard for organism to usually live on us Pathogens have factors to evade host defense
35
Virulence factor
Factors that permit infection
36
Equation for a disease
Organisms inoculum * virulence ________________ Host defense
37
Adaptive immune system
Once exposed to substance | generate specific cells and antibodies to respond to it and prevent disease
38
Coat and kill microbes
Antibodies, complement proteins, enzymes
39
opsonization
Coat particle with proteins | Make it easier for host to phagocyte and ingest
40
Most important opsonic proteins
Antibodies and complement
41
Examples of virulence factors
Escape phagosome Alter membrane to prevent lysosome fusion Capsule to block complement and antibody binding Toxins-disrupt cell function Enzymes-protect against microbicidal
42
lipid membranes of + vs -
+ cytoplasmic - cytoplasmic and outer membrane Gram - harder to access for antibiotics
43
Unique features of + vs -
+ teichoic and lipteichoic acids - lipopolysaccharide Important MAMPs sensed by innate immune system
44
Shared structures of + and -
flagella, pili, membrane proteins
45
capsule
Surface polysaccharide | Inhibit ingestion by phagocytes
46
toxins
Staph aureus | enterotoxigenic E coli
47
secretion
Gram - require specific structures to secrete
48
sense extracellular infections
Toll like receptor
49
Sense intracellular infection
Nod like receptors
50
mycobacteria
Acid fast Waxy wall, mycolic acid, and LAM make it hard to stain TB
51
Acquisition of microbes
Another person Own microbiota Animal Environment
52
Cononizing
Bacteria can start as colonizers and then cause disease | Or never colonize and still cause disease

Immunology (19 decks)

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