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Immunology > 45-Intro to Medical Microbiology 1 > Flashcards

45-Intro to Medical Microbiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

5 obligatory capabilities of medically important microbes

A 
Attachment
Spread
Replication
Evasion of host defenses
Transmission/shedding
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2
Q

colonize

A

Exists without causing disease

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3
Q

infection

A

Organism is causing disease

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4
Q

commensal

A

Live on/in without causing disease

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5
Q

parasite

A

Live on/in and causes illness

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6
Q

reservoir

A

Where organisms is maintained (human, environment, animals)

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7
Q

Gram stain

A

Used to see shape, arrangement, and color

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8
Q

Gram positive

A

Thick peptidoglycan, hold violet stain, appear dark blue

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9
Q

Gram negative

A

thin peptidoglycan, lose violet stain, appear pink

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10
Q

Shape of bacteria

A

cocci-round
Bacillus-rod
Spirochete-spiral

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11
Q

Arrangement of bacgteria

A

Cluster
Chain
diplo

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12
Q

peptidoglycan made of what

A

Interlinked polysaccharide and peptide chains cross linked with NAM and NAG

Target for B-lactam (penicillin)

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13
Q

Function of peptidoglycan

A

structure and rigidity of bacteria

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14
Q

porins

A

Gram negative

Passage of nutrients and antibiotics

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15
Q

lipopolysaccharides

A

Gram negative
Caused endotoxin and illness
Recognized by MAMPs

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16
Q

Beta lactamases

A

Produced by bacteria to hydrolyzed B-lactam antibiotics

Also used to kill other bacteria

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17
Q

Bacterial DNA

A

prokaryote
1-10 megabases
Distinct transmissible DNA units (plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages)

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18
Q

Bacterial DNA replication

A

Requires DNA polymerase

DNA gyrate and topoisomerase for unwinding-targeted by fluoriquinolones

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19
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80S (60S and 40S)

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20
Q

Bacteria ribosomes

A

70S (50S and 30S)

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21
Q

Growth curve depends on

A

nutrient availability, pH, bacterial concentration

22
Q

When are toxins produced

A

Stationary phase

23
Q

What is a biofilm

A

Produced by bacteria to protect from immune system

24
Q

Phases of growth curve

A

Lag
Log/exponential
Stationary
death

25
Q

What are spores

A

Formed from bacteria
Highly resistant to drying, heat, chemicals
Can regenerate when conditions permit

26
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen for survival

TB

27
Q

anaerobes

A

Killed by oxygen

Colon bacteria

28
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

grow aerobically or anaerobically

29
Q

microaerophilic

A

grow best at low oxygen

30
Q

Innate immunity

A

Respond to foreign material
Genetically encoded from birth

Barriers-skin and mucosa
Preformed proteins-complement system, natural antibodies
phagocytes-neutrophils, macrophages

31
Q

microbe associated molecular pattern MAMPs

A

Innate immune system recognizes these non self

Pattern recognition receptors

32
Q

Damage associated molecular pattern DAMPs

A

Body senses signs of injury

33
Q

Role of phagocytes

A

confine, kill and clear invaders

34
Q

pathogen

A

Organisms that make us ill
Hard for organism to usually live on us
Pathogens have factors to evade host defense

35
Q

Virulence factor

A

Factors that permit infection

36
Q

Equation for a disease

A

Organisms inoculum * virulence
________________
Host defense

37
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

Once exposed to substance

generate specific cells and antibodies to respond to it and prevent disease

38
Q

Coat and kill microbes

A

Antibodies, complement proteins, enzymes

39
Q

opsonization

A

Coat particle with proteins

Make it easier for host to phagocyte and ingest

40
Q

Most important opsonic proteins

A

Antibodies and complement

41
Q

Examples of virulence factors

A

Escape phagosome
Alter membrane to prevent lysosome fusion
Capsule to block complement and antibody binding
Toxins-disrupt cell function
Enzymes-protect against microbicidal

42
Q

lipid membranes of + vs -

A

+ cytoplasmic
- cytoplasmic and outer membrane

Gram - harder to access for antibiotics

43
Q

Unique features of + vs -

A

+ teichoic and lipteichoic acids
- lipopolysaccharide

Important MAMPs sensed by innate immune system

44
Q

Shared structures of + and -

A

flagella, pili, membrane proteins

45
Q

capsule

A

Surface polysaccharide

Inhibit ingestion by phagocytes

46
Q

toxins

A

Staph aureus

enterotoxigenic E coli

47
Q

secretion

A

Gram - require specific structures to secrete

48
Q

sense extracellular infections

A

Toll like receptor

49
Q

Sense intracellular infection

A

Nod like receptors

50
Q

mycobacteria

A

Acid fast
Waxy wall, mycolic acid, and LAM make it hard to stain
TB

51
Q

Acquisition of microbes

A

Another person
Own microbiota
Animal
Environment

52
Q

Cononizing

A

Bacteria can start as colonizers and then cause disease

Or never colonize and still cause disease

Immunology (19 decks)

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