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Immunology > 57-Acute and Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

57-Acute and Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation

A

Localized response to infection and injury

Designed to be protective but can cause tissue damage

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2
Q

What are the goals of inflammation

A

Eliminate cause of injury, necrotic cells and tissue, repair wound

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3
Q

What are the signs of inflammation and what causes it

A

Warm
Red
Pain
Swelling

Vascular changes and leukocyte recruitment

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4
Q

What are the sequence of events in inflammatory reaction

A

macrophages recognize microbes
Trigger vascular and cellular reactions
Bring defense cells to site of infection

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5
Q

What are the leukocytes used in inflammation

A

monocyte
Neutrophils
lymphocyte

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6
Q

What do T and B lymphocytes do

A

antigen specific immune and inflammatory response

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7
Q

What do neutrophils do

A

Kill bacteria, remove dead cells, part of innate immune system and acute inflammatory

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8
Q

What do macrophages do

A

Phagocytic, chronic and acute inflammation

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9
Q

What does inflammatory response depend on

A

Type and intensity of injury

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10
Q

Examples of harmful inflammation

A

Epiglottis-airway obstruction
Meningitis-swelling
Arthritis-joint destruction

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11
Q 
Acute inflammation
Onset
Cell infiltrate
Tissue injury
Local and systemic signs
A

Fast, minutes to hours
Neutrophils
Usually mild
Prominent

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12
Q 
Chronic inflammation
Onset
Cell infiltrate
Tissue injury
Local and systemic signs
A

Slow, days
Macrophages
Severe and progressive
Less prominent

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13
Q

Characteristics of acute inflammation

A 
Vascular changes and edema
rapid
Neutrophils
Innate immune system
NOT ANTIGEN SPECIFIC
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14
Q

Functions of acute inflammation

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria
Remove necrotic tissue
Begin tissue repair process

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15
Q

Sequence of events in acute inflammation

A

Increased blood flows (congestion)
Increased vascular permeability
extravastion and deposit fluid and proteins
Emigration of neutrophils

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16
Q

What are the 2 main vascular reactions for acute inflammation

A

Vasodilator and increased vascular permeability

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17
Q

What is congestion

A

Vascular expansion, increased blood flow

Causes redness and warmth

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18
Q

how is exudate formed

A

Increased vascular permeability
Movement of protein rich fluid out of vessel
Causes increased osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid so more water moves into tissues

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19
Q

How is transudate formed

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure from reduced venous return

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20
Q

What is edema

A

Fluid accumulation in tissue/extravascular

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21
Q

What are exudates

A

High protein, high specific gravity, inflammatory

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22
Q

What are transudates

A

Low protein, low specific gravity, non inflammatory

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23
Q

Edema from increased pressure

A

Transudate, low protein, from congestive heart failure

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24
Q

Consequences of edema

A 
Depends on location
Leg-little effect
Larynx-asphyxia
Brain-herniation
Lung-hypoxia
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25
Q

Types of exudates

A

Serous
fibrinous
sanguineous
purulent

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26
Q

What is serous exudate

A

Fluid with no inflammatory cells

Skin blister between epidermis and dermis

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27
Q

What is fibrinous exudate

A

Fibrin

Inflammation of lining of body cavities, vascular dilation and congestion

28
Q

What is sanguineous exudate

A

bloody

29
Q

What is prudent exudate

A

Pus, contains neutrophils

30
Q

What causes serous exudate

A

From burns or inflammatory skin disease

31
Q

What causes fibrinous exudate

A

Greater vascular permeability, fibrinogen leaks out

32
Q

What is the sequence of events in acute inflammation

A

Increased blood flow
Increased vascular permeability
extravasation of transudate and educate
Emigration of neutrophils

33
Q

Leukocyte traffic requires what

A

adhesion

34
Q

What are the 2 types of adhesion

A

Loose rolling and firm adhesion

35
Q

What causes loose rolling

A

Selectins

36
Q

What causes firm adhesion

A

integrins

37
Q

What do chemokines do during migration of leukocytes

A

Increase integrin affinity and promote directional migration

38
Q

What do cytokines do during migration of leukocytes

A

(TNF, IL-1) Promote expression of selections and integrin

39
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

Locomotion along chemical gradient

40
Q

Cell derived mediators of inflammation are formed where

A

Preformed in cell or produced at site of inflammation

41
Q

Plasma derived mediators of inflammation are formed where

A

Derived from circulating inactive precursors and activated at the site of inflammation

42
Q

Major cytokines for acute inflammation

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-6, chemokines

43
Q

Major cytokines for chronic inflammation are

A

INF gamma, IL4, IL5, IL12

44
Q

Principle role of TNF and IL1

A

Endothelial activation

45
Q

Where are TNF and IL1 produced

A

Activated macrophages

46
Q

What happens when leukocytes enter tissues

A

lipoxygenase AA products are changed from leukotrienes to lipoxins

47
Q

What are lipoxins

A

anti inflammatory mediators

48
Q

When are neutrophils seen in inflammation

A

Acute, first 6-24 hours

Respond rapidly, short lived

49
Q

When are monocytes seen in inflammation

A

24-48 hours

50
Q

What is margination

A

leukocyte accumulation at periphery of vessels, early acute inflammation

51
Q

What is the goal of acute inflammation

A

phagocytose and destroy organisms, remove necrotic tissue

52
Q

What can cause tissue damage during an acute inflammation

A

Proteolysis enzymes, ROS

A COMMON CAUSE OF DISEASE!!

53
Q

What are the outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Resolution, healing by scarring, chronic inflammation

54
Q

What characterizes a chronic inflammation

A

macrophages, lymphocytes

55
Q

What is chronic inflammation

A 
Prolonged duration
Continuing active inflammation
Tissue injury
Attempts at healing
An immune response
56
Q

What causes a chronic inflammation

A

Progression of acute inflammation
Persistence of injurious agent
Interference with normal healing

57
Q

What is the maturation of a macrophage

A

Bone marrow-stem cell/monoblast
Blood-monocyte
Tissue-macrophage

58
Q

What is the classically activated pathway for macrophages

A

proinflammatory induced by microbes and cytokines (IFN gamma)

59
Q

What is the alternatively activated pathway for macrophages

A

anti inflammatory induced by IL13 and IL4

60
Q

How do macrophages and lymphocytes interact

A

Stimulate each other

Release inflammatory mediator that affect each other

61
Q

b cells do what

A

Develop into Plasma cells that secrete antibodies

62
Q

t cells do what

A

secrete cytokines to promote inflammation

63
Q

What is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation

A

granulomatous inflammation

64
Q

what is a granuloma

A

Aggregates of epithelioid macrophages
An attempt to wall off the offending agent
Long lasting and highly destructive

65
Q

What is an example of cascading granuloma

A

TB

66
Q

What does a persistent inflammation cause

A

Tissue damage, scar formation, immune response

Autoimmune diseases like thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)

Immunology (19 decks)

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