5.4(extra) Plant transport, communication, and reproduction U5 Flashcards
What is osmosis?
the movement of water or other solvent through a plasma membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration
What type of transport is osmosis?
passive transport
How much energy is required for osmosis?
None
What are the three ypes of solutions?
Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic
What is a hypertonic solution?
When comparing solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solute
If a cell is in a hypertonic solution, water will diffuse out of the cell
What is a hypotonic solution?
When comparing solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solute
If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, water will diffuse into the cell
What is an isotonic solution?
the concentration of solutes is the same
If a cell is in an isotonic solution, there will be no net movement of water; water will move in and out at an equal rate
What are the 3 rules of Osmosis?
Water will move towards solutes (things dissolved in water, usually sugar/salt)
Water will move towards the hypertonic solution
Water will move away from the hypotonic solution
What needs to happen before transpiration can occur?
water must be moved out of the soil by the roots into the stem of the plant
What is root pressure?
As nutrients are pushed through the plant by active transport, water follows through the process of osmosis. Root pressure is the starting point of movement of water through a plant.
Does active transport require energy?
Yeah
Does active transport move solutes against or with their concentration gradient?
Against
Does active transport usually use membrane proteins?
yeh
Where is the major force of water transport provided?
evaporation of water from leaves during transpiration
What is capillary action?
The tendency of water to rise in a thin tube
What does the interacting combination of transpiration and capillary action do?
transports water through the xylem tissues of a plant
What does the pressure-flow hypothesis explain?
explains the movement of sugars and fluids through the phloem
explains that when sugars are pumped or removed from the phloem tissue, that change in concentration causes a movement of fluid in the same direction as the sugars
What do plant hormones do?
serve as signals that control development of cells, tissues, and organs. They also coordinate responses to the environment
influence root growth, promote germination, inhibit cell division and even simulate fruits to ripen
Who made the first step in the discovery of plant hormones?
Charles Darwin and his son Francis in 1880
What is an auxin?
Plant hormone that stimulates cell elongation and the growth of new roots
What can high concentrations of auxin cause?
cells on the side of the shoot away from the light source to lengthen
What is ethylene?
Plant hormone that is a gas that is released by fruit tissues to simulate fruits to ripen
What are tropisms?
growth responses by plants to environmental stimuli
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure
What is the main reason angiosperms displaced gymnosperms as the dominant land plant over the past 130 million years?
The efficiency of insect pollination
What is fertilization?
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
What is an angiosperm?
vascular seed plants in which the ovule (egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary.
What is a gymnosperm?
seeds do not develop enclosed within an ovary but are usually borne exposed on the surfaces of reproductive structures, such as cones.
How is the location of developing seeds different in angiosperms and gymnosperms?
Angiosperms develop the seeds in the ovaries of flowers and are surrounded by protective fruit, whereas Gymnosperms are usually found in unisexual cones, and the plant lacks fruits and flowers
What evolutionary advantages do angiosperms have over gymnosperms?
better able to control their reproductive success
How do people categorize angiosperms and why?
They use morphological characteristics because it is very diverse and hard to classify
What are the main 2 classifications of angiosperms?
Monocots and dicots
What is another way to classify plants? (HINT: Duration)
Lifespan
How do we normally classify plants?
evolutionary relationships
How can seeds of plants bee dispersed?
animals, wind, and water.
What are the benefits of the seed dispersal method Animal?
lowers competition between the parent plant and its seeds, decreases overcrowding which prevents competition for resources, and reduces the amount of seeds lost due to predation.
What are the benefits of the seed dispersal method Wind?
allows plants to spread out from a wide area and avoid competing with one another for the same resources.
What are the benefits of the seed dispersal method Water?
helps reduce food, sunlight, water, and mineral competition between plants of the same species in the same zone.
What are the disadvantages of the seed dispersal method Animal?
Limited dispersal
What are the disadvantages of the seed dispersal method Wind?
unreliability of the wind
What are the disadvantages of the seed dispersal method Water?
land plants can only have their seeds “go with the flow”, resulting in a very limited ability for dispersal over any great distance
What are flowers?
reproductive organs of plants
What are the four specialized leaves of flowers?
sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
What are sepals?
The outermost circle of floral parts, they are usually green and closely resemble ordinary leaves.
What are petals?
Often brightly colored, help attract pollinators to the flower.
What is stamen?
the male parts of the flower. Consists of the anther and filament.
What is carpel/pistil?
the female parts of the flower. Consists of the style, stigma, and ovary. Produces and shelter the female gametophytes and, later, seeds.
What is pollination?
Pollen which contains male gametes (pollen grain) are transferred (wind, bugs, etc) and trapped onto the stigma.
What is fertilization?
A pollen tube then grows down the stigma and style of the carpel (also called pistil )l to an ovule (produces and stores egg cells) in the ovary. Fertilization occurs which allows for the formation of a seed. This can then lead to further development into fruit!
What are the three types of trophisms?
What is phototrophism?
What is Thigmotrophism?
