53 Erythrocyte Disorders as a result of toxic agents

Question 1

DAMAGE FROM OXIDATION

A phenomenon of rapid hemolysis observed after transition from acclimated hypoxic or hypobaric environments to normoxic atmospheric conditions

Answer 1

Neocytolysis

Question 2

Damage from Oxidation

Answer 2

• Neocytolysis
• Oxygen Gas
• Chlorates and Chloramines
• Arsenic Hydride

Question 3

It is estimated that ____% of total hemoglobin would be oxidized daily in the absence of enzyme systems to protect against escaped superoxide.

Answer 3

2% to 3%

Hyperbaric oxygenation has been associated with acute hemolysis

Question 4

Oxidative drugs that produce methemoglobinemia, Heinz bodies, and hemolytic anemia

Answer 4

Sodium and potassium chlorate

Patients undergoing dialysis when the water contained a substantial amount of chloramines.

Question 5

The most erythrotoxic form of arsenic

Answer 5

Arsine gas (arsenic hydride, AsH3)

Question 6

The mechanism of erythrocyte damage by arsenic

Answer 6

Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in the erythrocyte membrane and associated cytoskeleton

Question 7

Damage to Skeletal or Structural Proteins

Answer 7

• Heat
• Venom

Question 8

The mechanism of erythrocyte damage by heat

Answer 8

Heat decreases erythrocyte resilience.

When heated, the spectrin comprising the erythrocyte skeleton denatures and, upon cooling, renatures into a rigid conformation.

Question 9

Venom usually affects this red cell membrane protein

Answer 9

Band 3

• Loxosceles laeta and Loxosceles recluse with sphingomyelinase D
• Caterpillar bristle from Lonomia obliqua

Question 10

Damage to the Erythrocyte Membrane

Answer 10

• Cytotoxins
• Hypotonic Lysis

Question 11

Mechanisms of membrane damage in marine invertebrate organisms including jelly fish (Chironex fleckeri) sea anemones (Stichodactyla helianthus),and echinoderms such as sea cucumbers (Cucumaria echinata)

Answer 11

Pore forming cytotoxins

Question 12

Damage to Metabolic Pathways

Answer 12

• Copper
• Formaldehyde

Question 13

Successfully prevents hemolytic anemia in Wilson disease

Answer 13

Plasma exchange

Question 14

Eryrhrocyte toxins acting through incompletely defined mechanism

Answer 14

• Nanoparticles
• Lead

Question 15

Defined as inorganic particles with diameters between 1 and 100 nanometers

Answer 15

Nanoparticles

Question 16

Morphologic changes in lead poisoning (plumbism)

Answer 16

• Normocytic and slightly hypochromic erythrocytes
• Basophilic stippling
• Ringed sideroblasts

Young polychromatophilic cells are most likely to be stippled.

Question 17

TRUE OR FALSE

Blood collected in heparin may most reliably demonstrate basophilic stippling because storage of red blood cells in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is associated with the disappearance of stippling.

Answer 17

TRUE

Blood collected in heparin may most reliably demonstrate basophilic stippling because storage of red blood cells in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is associated with the disappearance of stippling.

Question 18

Basophilic granules in lead poisining represent

Answer 18

Aggregated ribosomes