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2S - PCT > 5.2 Intro to Toxi: Solvents, Pesticides > Flashcards

5.2 Intro to Toxi: Solvents, Pesticides Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 solvents?

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
(mostlyodorless)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons* (with aromatic rings, so they
have a distinct odor)*

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2
Q

WHat Solvent is this?
Solvents are potent CNS depressants.

  • Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons
A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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3
Q

WHat Solvent is this?
Halohydrocarbons. Found in industrial solvents, degreasing agents and cleaning agents

  • Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons
A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Sometimes, when you got a laundry shop, you will smell some of these halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons

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4
Q

5 Examples of Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

A

○ Carbon tetrachloride
○ Trichloroethylene
○ Chloroform
○ Tetrachloroethylene
○ 1,1,1-trichloroethane

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5
Q

WHat Solvent is this?
Most are classified as known or probable human
carcinogens

  • Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons
A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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6
Q

WHat Solvent is this?
Solvents are potent CNS depressants.

  • Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons
A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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7
Q

```

WHat Solvent is this?
They include Freon, a fluorinated aliphatic, causes severe damage in the ozone layer in the troposphere

  • Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Freon is seen in refrigerators and air conditioners

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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8
Q

Clinical Effects of Solvent HALOGENATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

A
  1. Human Carcinogens
  2. CNS depression, kidney injury, liver injury, cardiotoxicity, arrhythmia
  3. Chronic Exposure in the Workplace: Impaired
    memory, peripheral neuropathy
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9
Q

WHat Solvent is this? (CLinical Effects)

Human Carcinogens, CNS depression, kidney injury, liver injury, cardiotoxicity, arrhythmia, Chronic Exposure in the Workplace: Impaired memory, peripheral neuropathy
- Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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10
Q

Clinical Effects of Solvent HALOGENATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

A

Treatment: Supportive, non-specific
- No treatment due to short duration exposure, our body can heal itself
- If you have neuropathy, Vitamin B-complex is advised to regenerate the nerves in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

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10
Q

3 types of Aromatic Hydrocarbon

A
  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene
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11
Q

What Aromatic Hydrocarbon is this:

Component of gasoline.
Acute Exposure: CNS Depression, Nausea, Euphoria, Locomotor Problems and Coma; Vertigo, Drowsiness and Headache
Chronic Exposure: Bone Marrow Injury (Aplastic
Anemia, Leukopenia, Pancytopenia,
Thrombocytopenia…) —> Myelotoxicity which affects the bone marrow, where we produce our blood cells, causing leukemia. All counts (wbc, rbc, platelets) can go down

  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene

CNS Depression - causes sedation (or nakakapag-antok, or impairs brain interpretation to the stimulus from the outside)

A

Benzene

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12
Q

What Aromatic Hydrocarbon is this:
Pluripotent Bone Marrow Stem Cells

  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene

Pluripotent - can still differentiate into red blood cell/ white blood cell lines

A

Benzene

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13
Q

What Aromatic Hydrocarbon is this:
Potent Clastogen.

  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene

Clastogen can break down your chromosomes, causing chromosomal abnormalities. Pinagdidikit niya ang ating genetic material

A

Benzene

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14
Q

Treatment for Benzene:

A

Treatment: Supportive, non-specific
○ Take them out from the source

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15
Q

What Aromatic Hydrocarbon is this:
Methylbenzene

  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene
A

Toluene

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16
Q

What Aromatic Hydrocarbon is this:
Paint thinners, nail polish remover, glues, and
correction fluid; explosives

  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene
A

Toluene

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17
Q

What Aromatic Hydrocarbon is this:
No myelotoxic properties. (It doesn’t damage blood cell lines)

  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene
A

Toluene

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18
Q

What Aromatic Hydrocarbon is this:
Dimethylbenzene

  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene
18
Q

What Aromatic Hydrocarbon is this:
CNS depressant, skin and eye irritant, fetotoxic

Fetotoxic - it can cause damage to the growing fetus
- Benzene
- Toluene
- Xylene

18
Q

What Aromatic Hydrocarbon is this:
No myelotoxic properties
CNS depressant, skin irritant

  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene

What we use to clean the microscope objectives

19
Q

What Aromatic Hydrocarbon is this:
Associated with rapid loss of consciousness, severe
fatigue, ataxia (With acute high dose of _____)

  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene
19
Q

What Aromatic Hydrocarbon is this:
Colorless, sweet-smelling agent. Substitute for benzene in solvent degreasing
operations

  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene
A

Xyelene

Because we don’t use benzene, which is myelotoxic, instead we use xylene for removing the oil from the microscope objectives

20
Q

4 Types of Pesticides

A

● Organochlorine pesticides
● Organophosphorus pesticides
● Carbamate pesticides
● Botanical pesticides

20
Q

Determine what classification/prototype of Pesticide:

These agents are persistent, poorly metabolized, lipophilic chemicals that exhibit significant bioaccumulation

  • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
  • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
A

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS

20
Q

3 Classification and Prototypes of Perticides

A
  1. Chlorinated hydrocarbons (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT] and its analogs)
  2. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (carbamates, organophosphates)
  3. Botanical agents (nicotine, rotenone, pyrethrum alkaloids)
21
Q

Determine what classification/prototype of Pesticide:

Effects: block physiologic inactivation in the sodium
channels of nerve membranesand cause uncontrolled firing of action potentials.

  • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
  • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
A

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS

21
Q

Determine what classification/prototype of Pesticide:

Effects: Although no relationship has been shown in humans between the risk of breast cancer and serum levels of DDT metabolites, recent evidence suggests an
association with nonHodgkin lymphoma and testicular cancer.

  • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
  • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
A

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS

21
Q

Determine what classification/prototype of Pesticide:

Effects: Tremor is usually the first sign of acute
toxicity and may progress to seizures

  • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
  • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
A

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS

21
Q

Treatment for CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS

A

No specific treatment is available for the
acute toxicity caused by chlorinated
hydrocarbons.

Because of their extremely
long half lives in organisms and in the
environment (years), their use in North
America and Europe has been curtailed.

22
Q

Determine what classification/prototype of Pesticide:

Effects: The toxicologic impact of long term exposure in humans is unclear

  • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
  • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
A

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS

23
Q

Determine what classification/prototype of Pesticide:

Effects: Chronic exposure of animals to these
pesticides is tumorigenic.

  • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
  • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
A

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS

24
Q

Determine what classification/prototype of Pesticide:

The carbamates (eg, aldicarb, carbaryl) and
organophosphates (eg, dichlorvos, malathion,
parathion) are effective pesticides with short
environmental half-live .

  • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
  • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
A

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS

24
Q

Determine what classification/prototype of Pesticide:

Effects: As described in Chapter 7, cholinesterase
inhibitorsincrease muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic activity

  • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
  • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
A

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS

25
Q

Determine what classification/prototype of Pesticide:

These inexpensive drugs are heavily used in agriculture.

  • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
  • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
A

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS

26
Q

Determine what classification/prototype of Pesticide:

Effects: The signs and symptoms include pinpoint pupils,
sweating, salivation, bronchoconstriction, vomiting and diarrhea, CNS stimulation followed by depression, and muscle fasciculations, weakness, and paralysis

  • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
  • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
A

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS

27
Q

Determine what classification/prototype of Pesticide:

Effects: The most common cause of death is respiratory failure.

  • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
  • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
A

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS

28
Q

Treatment for CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS:

A
  • Atropine is used in large doses to control muscarinic excess;
  • Pralidoxime is used to regenerate cholinesterase
  • Mechanical ventilation may be necessary
    until sufficient cholinesterase has been
    regenerated
29
Q

Botanical Insecticides has 3 types

A
  1. Nicotine and nicotinoids
  2. Rotenone
  3. Pyrethrum
30
Q

What type of Botanical Insecticides?
have the same effects on nicotinic cholinoceptors in
insects as in mammals and probably kills by the same mechanism (ie,excitation followed by paralysis of ganglionic, CNS, and neuromuscular transmission).

  1. Nicotine and nicotinoids
  2. Rotenone
  3. Pyrethrum
A
  1. Nicotine and nicotinoids

Treatment is supportive.

31
Q

What type of Botanical Insecticides?
The most common toxic effect of this mixture of plant alkaloids is contact dermatitis.

  1. Nicotine and nicotinoids
  2. Rotenone
  3. Pyrethrum
A

Pyrethrum

Treatment is supportive with anticonvulsants if necessary.

32
Q

What type of Botanical Insecticides?
This plant alkaloid pesticide causes gastrointestinal distress when ingested and conjunctivitis and dermatitis after direct contact with exposed body surfaces.

  1. Nicotine and nicotinoids
  2. Rotenone
  3. Pyrethrum
A

Rotenone

Treatment is supportive.

33
Q

What type of Botanical Insecticides?
Ingestion or inhalation of large quantities may cause CNS excitation (including seizures) and peripheral neurotoxicity.

  1. Nicotine and nicotinoids
  2. Rotenone
  3. Pyrethrum
A

Pyrethrum

Treatment is supportive with anticonvulsants if necessary.

34
Q

Solvents

a fluorinated aliphatic, causes severe damage in the
ozone

35
Q

Solvents

Has odor, All are components of gasoline

A

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

2S - PCT (12 decks)

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