5.1 Intro to Toxi: Air Pollutants Flashcards

1
Q

5 Major Air Pollutants in industrialized countries

A
  • carbon monoxide (CO) (which accounts for about 50% of the total amount of air pollutants)
  • sulfur oxides (18%)
  • hydrocarbons (12%)
  • particulate matter (eg, smoke particles,10%)
  • nitrogen oxides (6%).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Air pollution appears to be a contributing factor in (3)

A
  1. bronchitis
  2. obstructive pulmonary disease
  3. lung cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Air contaminants are regulated in the United States by the _______.

A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Air pollutant that is:

Colorless, tasteless, odorless and non-irritating gas. Silent Killer. Individuals found dead within their vehicles with no struggle

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Air pollutant that is:

Byproduct of incomplete combustion. gas stoves; generators and other gasoline powered equipment; automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Air pollutant that is:

Easily absorbed through the lungs. Exposure may be acute or chronic. Has teratogenic potential

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Air pollutant:

T/F: Since vapes have heating devices in them, they can also produce carbon monoxide.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Air pollutant that is:

competes avidly with oxygen for hemoglobin.

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

The affinity of CO for hemoglobin is more than 200fold greater than that of oxygen

The threshold limit value of CO for an 8h workday is 25 parts per million (ppm); in heavy motor vehicle traffic, the concentration of CO may exceed 100 ppm.

CO is slightly lighter than air but mixes homogeneously in room air

CO < Air
CO = Room Air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Effect - Air pollutant that is:

causes tissue hypoxia

Headache occurs first,
followed by confusion, decreased visual acuity, tachycardia, syncope, coma, seizures, and death.

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Effect - Air pollutant that is:

Collapse and syncope occur when approximately 40% of hemoglobin has been converted to carboxyhemoglobin.

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
Prolonged hypoxia can result in irreversible damage to the ______ and the _______.

A

brain and myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
T/F: Exposure of a pregnant woman to elevated CO levels at critical fetal developmental periods may cause
fetal death or serious and irreversible but survivable birth defects.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sources at home - Air pollutant that is:

Car left running in attached garage

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sources at home - Air pollutant that is:

Clogged chimney, Corroded or disconnected water heater vent pipe, Gas or wood-burning fireplace, Cracked or loose furnace exchanger

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sources at home - Air pollutant that is:

Improperly installed kitchen range or vent, Operating a grill indoors or in garage, Portable kerosene or gas heaters

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mechanism of Action - Air pollutant that is:

______ combines tightly but reversibly with the oxygen
binding site of hemoglobin (Hb)

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mechanism of Action - Air pollutant that is:

Produces Carboxyhemoglobin. Their blood becomes cherry-red

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Air pollutant that is:

Source from burning of coal; power plants

A

SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mechanism of Action - Air pollutant that is:

CO affinity 220x oxygen. CO has a higher affinity to bind compared
to oxygen

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mechanism of Action - Air pollutant that is:

Reduced oxygen transfer to the tissues. Organs with the highest oxygen demand are most seriously affected (Brain, Heart and Kidneys)

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mechanism of Action - Carbon Monoxide

T/F: Homoglobin carries oxygen and carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide then binds very tightly to hemoglobin; thus, oxygen and carbon dioxide can no longer be carried

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mechanism of Action - Carbon Monoxide
What are the prgans with the highest oxygen demand and are most seriously affected (3)

A

(Brain, Heart and Kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CLINICAL EFFECTS:

Symptoms of tissue hypoxia

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

Causes hypoxia because instead of oxygen
being bound to hemoglobin then delivered
to tissues, it is carbon monoxide instead.

It displaces oxygen and carbon monoxide becomes circulated in the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CLINICAL EFFECTS:

Psychomotor impairment

Reflexes are obtunded and gone.

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
CLINICAL EFFECTS: When awake: ○ Headache and tightness in the temporal area ○ Confusion and loss of visual acuity
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
21
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma ## Footnote The heart will try to compensate due to hypoxia (lack of oxygen); the heart will pump faster and harder. Eventually, they lose consciousness.
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
22
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) is Aggravated by (5)
1. Heavy Labor 2. High Altitude 3. High ambient temperature 4. Smoking Exposure 5. Cardiorespiratory diseases ## Footnote HEAVY LOAD: Ex. construction workers who carry heavy loads. They have a higher oxygen requirement, so they are easier to succumb to carbon monoxide poisoning. HIGH ALTITUDE: Mountains, construction of high rise buildings
22
TREATMENT FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
1. First step: Remove victim from source of CO 2. 100% Oxygen is the specific antidote/antagonist for CO 3. High concentrations of oxygen for a short amount of time only 4. Hypothermic therapy 5. Neuropsychological and motor dysfunction persists for a long time after treatment
22
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Deep coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory failure ## Footnote Dies from respiratory failure
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
23
Air pollutant that is: Colorless irritant gas ## Footnote Upper respiratory tract irritant. Irritating (ex. Causes eyes to water) like when muriatic acid evaporates
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
24
Air pollutant that is: Sulfuric Acid (used to clean in bathrooms) ## Footnote Irritates nasal mucosa, pharynx, and larynx upon inhalation (causing cough)
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
25
Air pollutant that is: Principal source is the **burning of coal**, **domestic heating**, **high-sulfur transportation** and **coal-fired power plants**
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
25
Air pollutant that is: Generated primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuel
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
26
Air pollutant that is: (Mechanism of Action) It readily dissolves in our mucosa (sa nasopharynx) to produce the sulfurous acid which causes the irritation in our mucosa
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
27
Air pollutant that is: (Mechanism of Action) High solubility of SO2 in moist membranes forms sulfurous acid
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
28
Air pollutant that is: (Mechanism of Action) It readily dissolves in our mucosa (sa nasopharynx) to produce the sulfurous acid which causes the irritation in our mucosaSevere irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and skin
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
29
Air pollutant that is: (Mechanism of Action) Severe irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and skin
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
30
Air pollutant that is: (Mechanism of Action) **90% of inhaled** form is **absorbed in the Upper Respiratory Tract** causing *Acute Irritant Asthma* ## Footnote When the bronchus constricts, it makes breathing even more difficult because the airway is too small
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
31
Air pollutant that is: (Mechanism of Action) The phenomenon of **adapting to irritating concentrations** has been reported in workers ## Footnote - Some workers show the phenomenon of adaptation when they have been exposed for too long - They almost seem immune to it, Needs gas mask when exposed
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
32
Air pollutant that is: (CLINICAL EFFECTS) May initiate or exacerbate ***Bronchial Asthma***
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
33
Air pollutant that is: (CLINICAL EFFECTS) Eye, nose, and throat irritation, reflex bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions ## Footnote - Bronchoconstriction = nahihirapan huminga - Presence of 5–10 ppm in the air is enough to cause severe bronchospasm
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
34
Air pollutant that is: (CLINICAL EFFECTS) Delayed-onset pulmonary edema ## Footnote Thickening of the blood air barrier, making it more difficult to breathe
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
35
Air pollutant that is: (TREATMENT) - Treatment is supportive, non-specific - Removal from exposure to SO2 and relief of irritation and inflammation constitute major treatment - Oxygenation, bronchodilation, mucolytics (reduces mucus secretions)
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
35
Air pollutant that is: - Exhaust of vehicles - Automobile and truck traffic emissions - Brownish irritant gas associated with fires
NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2)
36
Air pollutant that is: - Farmers exposed to fresh silage ## Footnote Leftover harvest is burned (husks)
NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2)
37
Air pollutant that is: - Miners exposed to diesel equipment ## Footnote - Required to have engines be cleaned very often so as not to produce too much NO2 - Causes smog in atmosphere
NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2)
38
Air pollutant that is: (MECHANISM OF ACTION) - Relatively insoluble deep lung irritant - ## Footnote Not much in airways, but more in ***alveoli***
NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2)
39
Air pollutant that is: (MECHANISM OF ACTION) - Inhalation damages the **lung infrastructure** that **produces the surfactant necessary** to *allow smooth and low-effort lung alveolar expansion* ## Footnote - Decreases the surfactant which is what maintains the patency of alveoli - *Without surfactant, the alveoli will stick to each other* - Dissolves the surfactant
NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2)
40
In NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2): Nitric Oxide is - NO - NO2 - N2O
NO
40
In NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2): Nitrogen dioxide is - NO - NO2 - N2O
NO2
41
In NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2): Nitrous oxide is - NO - NO2 - N2O
N2O
42
Air pollutant that is: (CLINICAL EFFECTS) - Silo-Filler’s Disease, Non-allergic Asthma, ”Twitchyairway disease”
NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2)
43
NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2): CLINICAL EFFECTS If you are chronically working in agriculture areas (Silo worker), the fumes can cause _________ or the destruction of the alveolar cell walls
emphysema
44
Air pollutant that is: (CLINICAL EFFECTS) - **Acute**: Irritation of eyes and nose, cough, mucoid or frothy sputum production, dyspnea and chest pain; Pulmonary edema, fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles
NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2)
45
Air pollutant that is: (CLINICAL EFFECTS) - Chronic: Emphysematous changes ## Footnote Entailing damage already in the alveoli
NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2)
46
Air pollutant that is: (Treatment) - Chronic: Supportive, non-specific
NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2)
47
Air pollutant that is: - Bluish irritant gas naturally found in the earth’s atmosphere - Burning of fossil fuel - Emitted from power plants, motor vehicles and other sources of high heat compounds - High-voltage electrical equipment and air and water purification systems | It is heavier than air. ## Footnote produced in air and water purification devices and in electrical fields.
OZONE (O3) & OTHER OXIDES
48
Sources of Ozone:
● Area sources ● Point sources ● Non-road engines ● Oil and gas ● Biogenic sources ● Off-road engines (Aviation) ● On-road vehicles
49
Mechanism of Action of Ozone:
● Irritant of mucous membranes ● Produces **upper respiratory tract irritation** to *deep lung irritation with pulmonary edema* ● Formation of reactive free radicals ## Footnote Free radicals - reactive oxygen species having an unpaired electron. It would be like a chain reaction. It oxidizes all chemicals in the area where it is located. This is where antioxidants start to become crucial, because they neutralize unpaired electrons -> (Some vitamins, like glutathione, have antioxidants.) Hindi kasi matatapos until ‘di mareceive ung electrons, mag-ch-chain reaction until mareceive
50
Air pollutant that is: (Mechanism of Action) - Irritant of mucous membranes - Produces upper respiratory tract irritation to deep lung irritation with pulmonary edema - Formation of reactive free radicals
Ozone
51
Clinical Effects of Action of Ozone:
- Shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary compliance - Exposure to 0.01–0.1 ppm may cause irritation and dryness of the mucous membranes. - Acute: Irritation and dryness to throat, changes to visual acuity, substernal pain and dyspnea, ARDS - Chronic: Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis, Emphysema
52
Air pollutant that is: Clinical Effects - Shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary compliance - Exposure to 0.01–0.1 ppm may cause irritation and dryness of the mucous membranes.
Ozone
53
Air pollutant that is: Clinical Effects - Acute: Irritation and dryness to throat, changes to visual acuity, substernal pain and dyspnea, ARDS Exacerbate respiratory diseases: - Chronic: Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis, Emphysema | End stage of respiratory diseases: emphysema
Ozone
54
Air pollutant that is: Treatment Supportive, non-specific *The dose needs to be lowered*
Ozone
55
Air Pollutants High solubility of SO2 in moist membranes forms
sulfurous acid
56
Air Pollutants Severe irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and skin
sulfurous acid
57
Air Pollutants T/F 90% of inhaled form of SO2 is absorbed in the Lower Respiratory tract causing Acute Irritant Asthma
F; Upper Respiratory Tract
58
Air Pollutants Clinical Effects include Eye, nose and throat irritation, reflex bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
59
Air Pollutants Treatment is supportive, non-specific
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
60
Air Pollutants T/F Surfactant maintains the patency of our alveoli, if not the alveoli will stick to one another
T
61
Air Pollutants Brownish irritant gas associated with fires
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
61
Air Pollutants - May initiate or exacerbate Bronchial Asthma - Delayed-onset pulmonary edema
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
62
Air Pollutants (MOA) T/F Inhalation damages the lung infrastructure that produces the surfactant necessary to allow smooth and low-eort lung alveolar expansion
T