5 Intro to Toxi: General Flashcards
Toxicological Case:
Due to industrial revolution, Fast-paced development, Use of fossil fuels and coal, Use of steam engine
GREAT SMOG OF LONDON (1952)
Toxicological Case:
High pressure and high humidity = smoke emission = smog
(Mixture of smoke and fog)
GREAT SMOG OF LONDON (1952)
Toxicological Case:
Initiated the legislations for Clean Air Act
Limiting the implicated agents (sulfur dioxide + ammonia + nitric acid)
Causing widespread respiratory illnesses and even death
GREAT SMOG OF LONDON (1952)
Toxicological Case:
Exhibits respiratory symptoms
GREAT SMOG OF LONDON (1952)
Toxicological Case:
In Japan. Mercury leaks to the bodies of water, and then
spread to fish
MINAMATA DISEASE (1950s)
Toxicological Case:
Causes Nuerological disorders
Neuromuscular fasticity
Parang tulala; naka-comatose caused by the damage brought by methyl mercury
MINAMATA DISEASE (1950s)
Toxicological Case:
Affected motor and higher cognitive function
MINAMATA DISEASE (1950s)
Toxicological Case:
Radioactivity in the community
Radiation can disrupt the genetic material
CHERNOBYL (1986)
Toxicological Case:
Can pass onto offspring
CHERNOBYL (1986)
2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
Mechanism of exposure
Toxicological effects (signs and symptoms)
Basic principles of Toxicology:
- How one is exposed, to see how we can prevent it
Mechanism of exposure
Basic principles of Toxicology:
○ Recognition
○ Prevention
○ Treatment
Toxicological effects (signs and symptoms)
3 Toxicological Effects
- Recognition
- Prevention
- Treatment
Exposure to chemicals may be through the _________ (air, water, soil, food) and/or_________.
Environemental and Occupational
miners/factory workers have
higher risks of contracting toxic effects
a. Occupational
b. agricultural
Occupational
attributed to food
a. Occupational
b. agricultural
Agricultural
Most common chemicals are used in _______, _______, and _______ products.
household, personal care, and consumer products
Strong acids &strong bases
a. kitchen cleaning products
b. corrosive products
c. personal/cosmetics products used
a
(skincare) - some causes irritation
a. kitchen cleaning products
b. corrosive products
c. personal/cosmetics products used
c
(declogging powders) - pang tanggal ng bara sa sink
a. kitchen cleaning products
b. corrosive products
c. personal/cosmetics products used
b
Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:
Dose (dose-dependent)
EFFECT
Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:
Duration of exposure (acute or chronic)
EFFECT
Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:
Vulnerability of the individuals
EFFECT
Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:
Central nervous system (brain and nerves)
AFFECT
Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:
Liver and the kidneys
primary metabolized by liver and excreted by kidney
There could be hepatotoxicity and renotoxicity
AFFECT
Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:
Reproductive system: Can be passed to generations to offsprings
AFFECT
Signs and symptoms may be non-specific:
it’s nonspecific so we must know the history on which the patient developed it
- headaches
- nauseas
- vomiting
- dizziness
- irritation of the skin (redness, soreness)
- eyes
- mucous membrane.
T/F Exposure to chemicals may be through the environment (air, water, soil, food) and/or occupational.
T
T
Toxicology Effects (3)
- Dose
- Duration of Exposure
- Vulnerability of Individuals
Toxicology can affect (3)
- CNS
- Liver and kidneys
- Reproductive system
T/F Signs and symptoms in toxicology are always specific
F; non-specific
Occupational Medicine Specialists and Toxicologists:
What is the NRL for clinical chemistry and toxicology?
Lung Center of the Philippines
T/F Diseases caused by toxicology has no treatment available.
F; treatment available
Occupational Medicine Specialists and Toxicologists:
T/F: For others, it would be nonspecific treatment
T
Respiratory - ventilation would easily reverse it or oxygenation
Skin - first aid is rinsing it with water to dilute and remove the
toxic agent from having contact with the skin, mucous membrane
or eyes
Deals with the effects of chemicals found in the workplace
Hazard present in our place has to be documented so it should be considered in the policy making
Occupational Toxicology
Publish standards for specific materials of particularly serious toxicity.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA)
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA):
The amount of exposure to a given agent that is deemed safe for a stated time period.
Threshold limit values (TLVs)
Things to identify in occupational toxicology
OCCUPATIONAL TECHNOLOGIST’s ROLE
- Agents of concern
- Acute and chronic diseases
- Conditions for safe use
- Preventive measures
- Treatment
- Surveillance
Occupational Medicine Specialists and Toxicologists:
T/F: For certain toxic agents, there would be treatment available
T
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA):
“safe” chemical exposure limits for workers known
as __________________ (PELs).
Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA):
The standards seen in the table for the PELs are in ________.
parts per million (ppm)
Deals with the deleterious impact of chemical pollutants in the environment, on living organisms.
Environmental Toxicology
Environmental Toxicology is also known as
ecotoxicology
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA):
It is higher for shorter periods than for longer periods. Utilize in ensuring the safety of the workers
Threshold limit values (TLVs)
T/F Environmental toxicology deals with toxic effects of chemical and physical agent on populations and communities of non-living organisms within defined ecosystems.
F; living organisms
Environmental toxicology deals with…
Transfer pathways of those agents & interactions with the environment
Concerned with the impact on populations of living organisms or on ecosystems and is affected by Air, Soil or Water pollution
Environmental Toxicology`
Air, Soil or Water are associated with _______
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY is the product of ___________ , ____________ and __________
Industrialization,
Technologic Development and Urbanization
Hazard/Risk:
Ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or setting
Hazard
Hazard/Risk:
is often a description based on subjective estimates rather than objective evaluation
Hazard
Hazard
Hazard/Risk:
is the potential harm that can cause injury or disease if it is given in a particular setting
Hazard
In the laboratory, some examples of chemical hazards include alcohol because it’s_______ and _______.
flammable and
hepatotoxic
Hazard/Risk:
expected frequency of the of the occurrence of an
undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent
Risk
Hazard/Risk:
Likelihood that a hazard will cause harm
Risk
Risk:
Estimation of risk makes use of _______ and ______ from the observed relationships to the expected responses at doses occurring in actual exposure situations.
dose-response data
and extrapolation
Hazard/Risk:
source of the injury (the thing that can
harm you)
Hazard
An exposure to a toxic substance that is absorbed by the target human or animal results in a dose. (3)
The response of the body would depend on how much dose of that agent entered our body.
It’s the dose that is toxic given that we still have permissible limits
Quantity,
Duration
& Intensity of Exposure
Hazard/Risk:
Hazard + Exposure
Risk
Hazard/Risk:
chance/probability of getting harmed by something.
Risk
When crossing a highway, the risk of an accident is high
Hazard/Risk:
Something that can potentially cause harm
Hazard
When crossing a roas, cars are hazard
Routes of Exposure for Industria
Industrial:
Inhalational > Transdermal Route > Oral
Majority of the exposure in the industrial
setting is via ______.
Exposure through this route is likely to cause respiratory symptoms i.e difficulty of breathing, chest pain, substernal pain
inhalation
Single or multiple exposure over a longer period of time (e.g. repetitive handling of hemical)
Chronic Exposure
NOTE: Sometimes when we go to heavy metals, the timing would really matter. They are lethal when acute, but if it is chronic, the progression is slow.
Most common in the household setting is the oral route
Ingestion
Single exposure or multiple exposure over a brief period of time (e.g. accidental discharge)
Acute Exposure
Usually it could just be in days like accidental discharge for example ships
that dispose waste in coastal waters
Water and Soil pollutants are absorbed through (3)
inhalational, ingestion or transdermal
Ingetsion = GI Tract (sym: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, blood diarrhes from heavy metals)
Transdermal = use closed suit to cover skin contact
Inhatlational = use gas masks
Atmospheric pollutants gain entry by
(2)
Inhalation,
Dermal Contact
Hierarchy of Controls:
Most Effective —> to —> Least Effective
MOST EFFECTIVE
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering Controls
4. Administrative Controls
5. PPE
LEAST EFFECTIVE
What Hierarchy of Controls:
- Physically remove the hazard
- most effective
ELimination
What Hierarchy of Controls:
- Replace the hazard
- Better is using chloroform
Substitution
What Hierarchy of Controls:
- Isolate people from the hazard (even the disposal of chemical waste
- Higher and more effective
like layout
Engineering
Controls
What Hierarchy of Controls:
- Change the way people work
- Controlling the people and policies
“No eating inside the laboratory”
Administrative
Controls
What Hierarchy of Controls:
- Protect the worker with Personal Protective Equipment
- The least effective
PPE
Degradability, bioaccumulation, and transport and biomagnification
Environmental considerations
Environmental Considerations
Chemicals that exhibit environmental persistence and can accumulate
Poorly degraded chemicals
Environmental Considerations
Lipophilic substances: organochlorine pesticides bioaccumulate in body fat ->
- endocrine disruption
- neurological disorders
- carcinogenesis/cancer formation
Environmental Considerations:
Methyl mercury discharges ->
neurotoxic (Ex. Metal, mining)
Environmental Considerations
entails specific or only one organism or biologic system
- Biomagnification
- Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation
Environmental Considerations
entails several biological systems or organisms to occur
- Biomagnification
- Bioaccumulation
Biomagnification
Environmental Considerations:
Concentrates the chemical in organisms higher on the food chain. (magnifies)
- Biomagnification
- Bioaccumulation
Biomagnification
T/F The pollutants that have the widest environmental impact are poorly degradable; are relatively mobile in air, water, and soil; exhibit bioaccumulation; and also exhibit biomagnification.
T
Environmental Considerations:
They stay in our environment. They can eventually enter into our biological systems
- Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
- polychlorinated biphenyls
- dioxins and furans
T/F: When bioaccumulation occurs, , the metabolic process of the specific organism is overwhelmed so it doesn’t
metabolize that much. Therefore, when it does not
metabolize, it tends to accumulate in the body since
it is not excreted.
Some of these chemicals, we cannot readily excrete from our body because it is synthetic. We do not have a carrier molecule for it, so the tendency, it will
stay in our body.
T
Mas nagiging toxic pag nag ba-bioaccumulate.
concentrates the chemical in organisms higher on the food chain.
- Biomagnification
- Bioaccumulation
Biomagnification
The pollutants that have the widest environmental
impact are poorly degradable; are relatively mobile
in air, water, and soil
- Biomagnification
- Bioaccumulation
Both
Increase of concentration of a substance/pollutant in an organism over time
- Biomagnification
- Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation
Increase of concentration of a substance/pollutant in an organism over time
- Biomagnification
- Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation
Increase in concentration of a pollutant from one link
in the food chain to another
- Biomagnification
- Bioaccumulation
Biomagnification
The major air pollutants in industrialized countries
include: (5) C S H P N
- carbon monoxide (CO) 50%
- sulfur oxides (18%)
- hydrocarbons (12%)
- particulate matter (10%)
- nitrogen oxides (6%)
Air contaminants are regulated in the United States by the EPA (what is its meaning?)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Air pollution appears to be a contributing factor in
what disease? (3)
- bronchitis
- obstructive pulmonary disease
- lung cancer.
