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2S - PCT > 5 Intro to Toxi: General > Flashcards

5 Intro to Toxi: General Flashcards

1
Q

Toxicological Case:

Due to industrial revolution, Fast-paced development, Use of fossil fuels and coal, Use of steam engine

A

GREAT SMOG OF LONDON (1952)

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2
Q

Toxicological Case:

High pressure and high humidity = smoke emission = smog

(Mixture of smoke and fog)

A

GREAT SMOG OF LONDON (1952)

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3
Q

Toxicological Case:

Initiated the legislations for Clean Air Act

Limiting the implicated agents (sulfur dioxide + ammonia + nitric acid)

Causing widespread respiratory illnesses and even death

A

GREAT SMOG OF LONDON (1952)

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3
Q

Toxicological Case:

Exhibits respiratory symptoms

A

GREAT SMOG OF LONDON (1952)

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4
Q

Toxicological Case:

In Japan. Mercury leaks to the bodies of water, and then
spread to fish

A

MINAMATA DISEASE (1950s)

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5
Q

Toxicological Case:

Causes Nuerological disorders

Neuromuscular fasticity

Parang tulala; naka-comatose caused by the damage brought by methyl mercury

A

MINAMATA DISEASE (1950s)

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6
Q

Toxicological Case:

Affected motor and higher cognitive function

A

MINAMATA DISEASE (1950s)

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7
Q

Toxicological Case:

Radioactivity in the community
Radiation can disrupt the genetic material

A

CHERNOBYL (1986)

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8
Q

Toxicological Case:

Can pass onto offspring

A

CHERNOBYL (1986)

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9
Q

2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

A

Mechanism of exposure
Toxicological effects (signs and symptoms)

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10
Q

Basic principles of Toxicology:
- How one is exposed, to see how we can prevent it

A

Mechanism of exposure

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11
Q

Basic principles of Toxicology:
○ Recognition
○ Prevention
○ Treatment

A

Toxicological effects (signs and symptoms)

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12
Q

3 Toxicological Effects

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Prevention
  3. Treatment
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13
Q

Exposure to chemicals may be through the _________ (air, water, soil, food) and/or_________.

A

Environemental and Occupational

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14
Q

miners/factory workers have
higher risks of contracting toxic effects

a. Occupational
b. agricultural

A

Occupational

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15
Q

attributed to food

a. Occupational
b. agricultural

A

Agricultural

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16
Q

Most common chemicals are used in _______, _______, and _______ products.

A

household, personal care, and consumer products

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17
Q

Strong acids &strong bases

a. kitchen cleaning products
b. corrosive products
c. personal/cosmetics products used

A

a

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18
Q

(skincare) - some causes irritation

a. kitchen cleaning products
b. corrosive products
c. personal/cosmetics products used

A

c

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18
Q

(declogging powders) - pang tanggal ng bara sa sink

a. kitchen cleaning products
b. corrosive products
c. personal/cosmetics products used

A

b

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19
Q

Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:

Dose (dose-dependent)

A

EFFECT

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20
Q

Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:

Duration of exposure (acute or chronic)

A

EFFECT

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21
Q

Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:

Vulnerability of the individuals

A

EFFECT

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22
Q

Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:

Central nervous system (brain and nerves)

A

AFFECT

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23
Q

Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:

Liver and the kidneys

primary metabolized by liver and excreted by kidney

There could be hepatotoxicity and renotoxicity

A

AFFECT

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24
Q

Determine if it is EFFECT or AFFECT:

Reproductive system: Can be passed to generations to offsprings

A

AFFECT

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24
Q

Signs and symptoms may be non-specific:

it’s nonspecific so we must know the history on which the patient developed it

A
  • headaches
  • nauseas
  • vomiting
  • dizziness
  • irritation of the skin (redness, soreness)
  • eyes
  • mucous membrane.
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25
Q

T/F Exposure to chemicals may be through the environment (air, water, soil, food) and/or occupational.

A

T

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26
Q

T/F Most common chemicals are used in households, personal care and consumer products; agriculture and industry.

A

T

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27
Q

Toxicology Effects (3)

A
  1. Dose
  2. Duration of Exposure
  3. Vulnerability of Individuals
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28
Q

Toxicology can affect (3)

A
  1. CNS
  2. Liver and kidneys
  3. Reproductive system
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29
Q

T/F Signs and symptoms in toxicology are always specific

A

F; non-specific

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30
Q

Occupational Medicine Specialists and Toxicologists:

What is the NRL for clinical chemistry and toxicology?

A

Lung Center of the Philippines

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31
Q

T/F Diseases caused by toxicology has no treatment available.

A

F; treatment available

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31
Q

Occupational Medicine Specialists and Toxicologists:

T/F: For others, it would be nonspecific treatment

A

T

Respiratory - ventilation would easily reverse it or oxygenation
Skin - first aid is rinsing it with water to dilute and remove the
toxic agent from having contact with the skin, mucous membrane
or eyes

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31
Q

Deals with the effects of chemicals found in the workplace

Hazard present in our place has to be documented so it should be considered in the policy making

A

Occupational Toxicology

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31
Q

Publish standards for specific materials of particularly serious toxicity.

A

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA)

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32
Q

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA):

The amount of exposure to a given agent that is deemed safe for a stated time period.

A

Threshold limit values (TLVs)

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32
Q

Things to identify in occupational toxicology

OCCUPATIONAL TECHNOLOGIST’s ROLE

A
  1. Agents of concern
  2. Acute and chronic diseases
  3. Conditions for safe use
  4. Preventive measures
  5. Treatment
  6. Surveillance
32
Q

Occupational Medicine Specialists and Toxicologists:

T/F: For certain toxic agents, there would be treatment available

A

T

33
Q

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA):

“safe” chemical exposure limits for workers known
as __________________ (PELs).

A

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

33
Q

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA):

The standards seen in the table for the PELs are in ________.

A

parts per million (ppm)

33
Q

Deals with the deleterious impact of chemical pollutants in the environment, on living organisms.

A

Environmental Toxicology

33
Q

Environmental Toxicology is also known as

A

ecotoxicology

33
Q

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA):

It is higher for shorter periods than for longer periods. Utilize in ensuring the safety of the workers

A

Threshold limit values (TLVs)

34
Q

T/F Environmental toxicology deals with toxic effects of chemical and physical agent on populations and communities of non-living organisms within defined ecosystems.

A

F; living organisms

35
Q

Environmental toxicology deals with…

A

Transfer pathways of those agents & interactions with the environment

36
Q

Concerned with the impact on populations of living organisms or on ecosystems and is affected by Air, Soil or Water pollution

A

Environmental Toxicology`

37
Q

Air, Soil or Water are associated with _______

A

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY

38
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY is the product of ___________ , ____________ and __________

A

Industrialization,
Technologic Development and Urbanization

39
Q

Hazard/Risk:

Ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or setting

A

Hazard

40
Q

Hazard/Risk:

is often a description based on subjective estimates rather than objective evaluation

A

Hazard

41
Q

Hazard/Risk:

is often a description based on subjective estimates rather than objective evaluation

A

Hazard

42
Q

Hazard/Risk:

is the potential harm that can cause injury or disease if it is given in a particular setting

A

Hazard

43
Q

In the laboratory, some examples of chemical hazards include alcohol because it’s_______ and _______.

A

flammable and
hepatotoxic

44
Q

Hazard/Risk:

expected frequency of the of the occurrence of an
undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent

A

Risk

45
Q

Hazard/Risk:

Likelihood that a hazard will cause harm

A

Risk

45
Q

Risk:

Estimation of risk makes use of _______ and ______ from the observed relationships to the expected responses at doses occurring in actual exposure situations.

A

dose-response data
and extrapolation

46
Q

Hazard/Risk:

source of the injury (the thing that can
harm you)

A

Hazard

47
Q

An exposure to a toxic substance that is absorbed by the target human or animal results in a dose. (3)

The response of the body would depend on how much dose of that agent entered our body.

It’s the dose that is toxic given that we still have permissible limits

A

Quantity,
Duration
& Intensity of Exposure

47
Q

Hazard/Risk:
Hazard + Exposure

A

Risk

47
Q

Hazard/Risk:

chance/probability of getting harmed by something.

A

Risk

When crossing a highway, the risk of an accident is high

47
Q

Hazard/Risk:

Something that can potentially cause harm

A

Hazard

When crossing a roas, cars are hazard

47
Q

Routes of Exposure for Industria

A

Industrial:
Inhalational > Transdermal Route > Oral

48
Q

Majority of the exposure in the industrial
setting is via ______.

Exposure through this route is likely to cause respiratory symptoms i.e difficulty of breathing, chest pain, substernal pain

A

inhalation

48
Q

Single or multiple exposure over a longer period of time (e.g. repetitive handling of hemical)

A

Chronic Exposure

NOTE: Sometimes when we go to heavy metals, the timing would really matter. They are lethal when acute, but if it is chronic, the progression is slow.

48
Q

Most common in the household setting is the oral route

A

Ingestion

49
Q

Single exposure or multiple exposure over a brief period of time (e.g. accidental discharge)

A

Acute Exposure

Usually it could just be in days like accidental discharge for example ships
that dispose waste in coastal waters

49
Q

Water and Soil pollutants are absorbed through (3)

A

inhalational, ingestion or transdermal

Ingetsion = GI Tract (sym: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, blood diarrhes from heavy metals)

Transdermal = use closed suit to cover skin contact

Inhatlational = use gas masks

49
Q

Atmospheric pollutants gain entry by
(2)

A

Inhalation,
Dermal Contact

50
Q
A
50
Q

Hierarchy of Controls:

Most Effective —> to —> Least Effective

A

MOST EFFECTIVE
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering Controls
4. Administrative Controls
5. PPE
LEAST EFFECTIVE

50
Q

What Hierarchy of Controls:

  • Physically remove the hazard
  • most effective
A

ELimination

50
Q

What Hierarchy of Controls:

  • Replace the hazard
  • Better is using chloroform
A

Substitution

50
Q

What Hierarchy of Controls:

  • Isolate people from the hazard (even the disposal of chemical waste
  • Higher and more effective

like layout

A

Engineering
Controls

51
Q

What Hierarchy of Controls:

  • Change the way people work
  • Controlling the people and policies

“No eating inside the laboratory”

A

Administrative
Controls

51
Q

What Hierarchy of Controls:

  • Protect the worker with Personal Protective Equipment
  • The least effective
A

PPE

51
Q

Degradability, bioaccumulation, and transport and biomagnification

A

Environmental considerations

52
Q

Environmental Considerations

Chemicals that exhibit environmental persistence and can accumulate

A

Poorly degraded chemicals

52
Q

Environmental Considerations

Lipophilic substances: organochlorine pesticides bioaccumulate in body fat ->

A
  1. endocrine disruption
  2. neurological disorders
  3. carcinogenesis/cancer formation
52
Q

Environmental Considerations:

Methyl mercury discharges ->

A

neurotoxic (Ex. Metal, mining)

52
Q

Environmental Considerations

entails specific or only one organism or biologic system

  • Biomagnification
  • Bioaccumulation
A

Bioaccumulation

53
Q

Environmental Considerations

entails several biological systems or organisms to occur

  • Biomagnification
  • Bioaccumulation
A

Biomagnification

53
Q

Environmental Considerations:

Concentrates the chemical in organisms higher on the food chain. (magnifies)

  • Biomagnification
  • Bioaccumulation
A

Biomagnification

54
Q

T/F The pollutants that have the widest environmental impact are poorly degradable; are relatively mobile in air, water, and soil; exhibit bioaccumulation; and also exhibit biomagnification.

A

T

55
Q

Environmental Considerations:

They stay in our environment. They can eventually enter into our biological systems

A
  1. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
  2. polychlorinated biphenyls
  3. dioxins and furans
56
Q

T/F: When bioaccumulation occurs, , the metabolic process of the specific organism is overwhelmed so it doesn’t
metabolize that much. Therefore, when it does not
metabolize, it tends to accumulate in the body since
it is not excreted.

Some of these chemicals, we cannot readily excrete from our body because it is synthetic. We do not have a carrier molecule for it, so the tendency, it will
stay in our body.

A

T

Mas nagiging toxic pag nag ba-bioaccumulate.

57
Q

concentrates the chemical in organisms higher on the food chain.
- Biomagnification
- Bioaccumulation

A

Biomagnification

58
Q

The pollutants that have the widest environmental
impact are poorly degradable; are relatively mobile
in air, water, and soil

  • Biomagnification
  • Bioaccumulation
A

Both

59
Q

Increase of concentration of a substance/pollutant in an organism over time

  • Biomagnification
  • Bioaccumulation
A

Bioaccumulation

60
Q

Increase of concentration of a substance/pollutant in an organism over time

  • Biomagnification
  • Bioaccumulation
A

Bioaccumulation

61
Q

Increase in concentration of a pollutant from one link
in the food chain to another

  • Biomagnification
  • Bioaccumulation
A

Biomagnification

62
Q

The major air pollutants in industrialized countries
include: (5) C S H P N

A
  1. carbon monoxide (CO) 50%
  2. sulfur oxides (18%)
  3. hydrocarbons (12%)
  4. particulate matter (10%)
  5. nitrogen oxides (6%)
63
Q

Air contaminants are regulated in the United States by the EPA (what is its meaning?)

A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

64
Q

Air pollution appears to be a contributing factor in
what disease? (3)

A
  1. bronchitis
  2. obstructive pulmonary disease
  3. lung cancer.

2S - PCT (12 decks)

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