5.1.2 (d) Diagnosis

Question 1

why is urine used for diagnosis?

Answer 1

contains hormones and toxins which may be produced due to a disease

Question 2

what is a symptom of diabetes?

Answer 2

glucose in the urine

due to lack of gluco-regulation so excess glucose in the blood

means less glucose can be reabsorbed

Question 3

what causes the production of hCG?

Answer 3

the uterus where the human embryo has implanted after conception

Question 4

what do pregnancy tests test for?

Answer 4

hCG
monoclonal antibodies

Question 5

what are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 5

antibodies from a single clone of cells that are produced to target specific cells or chemicals

Question 6

how are moncolonal antibodies produced?

Answer 6

mouse injected with hCG

antibody for hCG produced by immune response of mouse

B-cells for the antibody are removed and fused with a myeloma (cancer cell)

this new fused cell is called a hybridoma

hybridoma reproduces rapidly to produce millions of antibodies

Question 7

what are the 2 lines in a pregnancy test?

Answer 7

positive
THEN
control

Question 8

what would cause the positive line to show red?

Answer 8

hCG antibodies in the test strip binds to hCG in the urine forming a hCG/antibody complex

when this complex binds to immobile hCG antibodies at the line, a coloured line is produced to show positive for pregnancy

Question 9

what causes the control line to show red?

Answer 9

the hCG antibodies (either in complex or individual form) binds to immobile hCG antibodies to form a coloured line to show the test had worked or not

Question 10

what are anabolic steroids?

Answer 10

drugs which stimulate muscle growth by mimicking the action of testosterone

gives the user more strength and power as the muscles are further built up

Question 11

how are anabolic steroids tested for?

Answer 11

using gas chromatography to separate the substances

and then mass spectroscopy to analyse the individual substances

comparing data to known values