14.4 Diabetes and its control Flashcards
symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
unable to produce insulin
what happens to beta cells in Type 1 diabetes?
they do not produce insulin
when does Type 1 diabetes develop?
normally begins in childhood
what is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?
result of an autoimmune response where the body’s own immune system attacks the beta cells which stop them from secreting insulin
symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?
cannot effectively use insulin and therefore cannot control blood glucose levels
or
body cells do not respond to insulin so do not take up enough glucose
what are the human causes Type 2 diabetes?
excess body weight
physical inactivity
excessive overeating
how can cells not effectively use insulin?
their insulin receptors are damaged which means glucose is not taken up by cells
leads to high blood glucose
when does Type 2 diabetes develop?
risk increases with age
how is Type 1 diabetes controlled?
regular injections of insulin
how is the dose of insulin needed diagnosed?
finger prick for blood to calculate blood glucose concentration
what happens if too much insulin is injected?
hypoglycaemia
what happens if too less insulin is injected?
hyperglycaemia
what are the effects of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia
unconscious amd death
how is Type 2 diabetes treated?
- dieting
- increased excercise
- weight loss
- drugs
how do drugs treat Type 2 diabetes?
- drugs which stimulate insulin production
- drugs that slow the rate of absorption of glucose from intestine
- insulin injections
adv of genetically modified bacteria for insulin?
- human insulij produced in pure form so less likely to cause an allergic reaction
- insulin can be produced in larger quantities
- production is cheaper
- no ethical dilemmas
problem with pancreas transplants?
demand outweighs the availability of pancreases
what drugs are needed to prevent rejection of organs?
immunosuppressants
adv of stem cell therapy to treat diabetes
- donor availability is not an issue as there would be an unlimited supply of beta cells
- reduced likelihood of stem cell rejection
- insulin injections no longer needed
disv of stem cell therapy to treat diabetes
- growth and differentiation of stem cells cannot be controlled
- ethical issues over using embryonic stem cells
how does stem cell therapy treat diabetes?
stem cells differentiate into beta cells which mean that insulin can be secreted and blood glucose can be lowered
