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Embryology > 510-4 > Flashcards

510-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are four main features of Epithelium?

A

1)There is a FREE surface (environment or internal body cavity) 2)BASAL surface(attached to a basement membrane) 3)AVASCULAR-depend on diffusion for nutrients 4)INNERVATED-paper cuts hurt but don’t bleed

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2
Q

What are the two components of a basement membrane?

A

Basal Lamina & Reticular Lamina

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3
Q

What is the basal lamina composed of? Where is it made?

A

The basal lamina is a complex mix of PROTEINs. Made by epithelial cells and underlying FIBROBLASTS

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4
Q

What is the main glycoprotein of the lamina lucida? What fiber does it bind to the best?

A

The main glycoprotein is LAMININ (looks like a cross). It binds the the TYPE IV collagen(Lamina Densa Below!)

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5
Q

What are the three main types of fibrils that connect the basal lamina and the reticular lamina?

A

Type I, Type III, and Type VII collagen fibrils.

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6
Q

Which collagen fibrils attach to the basal lamina and then loop around other collagen fibril types?

A

Type VII

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7
Q

What classifications of epithelium do goblet cells fall under? What substance to they secrete?

A

Simple Columnar & Pseudostratified Epitheliums. They secrete mucus.

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8
Q

What are the three types of cells in pseudostatified epithelium?

A

Shorter, basal cells and taller, goblet & ciliated cells.

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9
Q

What are the three main components of a mucous membrane?

A

1)Epithelium (mucous producing[think simple columnar or pseudostrat]) 2)Lamina Propria(Vascular connective tissue) 3)Muscularis mucosae(thin layer of SMOOTH muscle)

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10
Q

What are keritinized cells generally coated with to reduce water loss?

A

Lipids! Hydrophobic, eh?!

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11
Q

What type classification of epithelium makes up the oral mucosa? What is the most unique feature of this type of epithelium?

A

Nonkeritinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium. Its resistant to Abrasion!

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12
Q

Where can KERATINIZED Strat. Sq. Epi be mainly found? What are the two main functions of the layer?

A

Skin! Oral Epithelia!:Eg. Gingiva, Hard Palate, and Tongue Papillae.

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13
Q

What are the typical basal cell of stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelia?

A

Typically CUBOIDAL basal cells with either the cuboidal or columnar on top of them.

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14
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found and what (subtype) of epithelium is it? What unique feature forms on the free side?

A

Ureters and bladder (UROTHELIUM). Pseudostratified. Plaque domes made of protein to protect the cells from urine.

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15
Q

Name the five types of intercellular junctions (W/ LATIN names too)

A

Tight Junction (zonula occludens), Adhesive Junction (zonula adherens), Desmosomes (macula adherens), Gap Junction, Hemidesmosome

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16
Q

What is the difference between a zonula and a macula?

A

zonula=around cell; macula=patch

17
Q

Fxn of Tight Junction. Rate its strength.

A

Tight junctions seal neighboring cells in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage. It is the weakest of the junctions.

18
Q

Fxn of adhesive junctions. Strength?

A

Joins actin bundles from cell to cell. Mid level strength.

19
Q

Fxn of desmosomes. Strength?

A

Join intermediate filaments of two cells. STRONGEST.

20
Q

Fxn of Gap Junction

A

Allow passage of small, water soluble molecules from one cell to another. COMMUNICATION. Not for strength.

21
Q

Fxn of Hemidesmosome

A

Anchors the cell to the BASAL Lamina

22
Q

What type of pattern do tight junctions make in between cells?

A

A quilt like pattern. The more strands the more impermeable the junction is to water.

23
Q

What are the 3 main proteins involved in tight junctions? FASCINATING!!

A

Claudin, Occludin (hence zonula occludens), & JAM(junctional adhesion molecules)

24
Q

What are the two main proteins involved in adhesive junctions? How do they interact? What ion must be present?

A

1)actin filaments inside the cell anchor 2)cadherin proteins that reach out of the cell and hook to other cell’s cadherins. Ca2+ is essential for this cadherin linkage.

25
Q

What are the main proteomic components of desmosomes?

A

INSIDE CELLIntermediate fillaments(Keratin)—structural protein plaque(plaktoglobin)—OUTSIDE CELL more connective proteins (desmoglein) COOL NOTE: they distribute shear forces from one cytoskeleton to another through this type of linkage.

26
Q

Describe the structure of the hemidesmosomes.

A

INSIDE CELL intermediate filament—OUTSIDE CELL stuctural proteins (laminin) + type VII collagen fibers

27
Q

Where are gap junctions most abundant?

A

embryo, cardiac, and smooth muscle

28
Q

What is the difference between connexin and connexon.

A

Connexin is the transmembrane protein monomer. Connexon is the channel that is formed when two connexins link up.

29
Q

What type of tissue are most predominant in GLANDS?

A

Predominantly epithelial tissue

30
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands= DUCTS Endocrine glands=NO DUCTS

31
Q

What are three examples of mixed (endocrine & exocrine) organs.

A

PANCREAS (digestive enzymes into ducts & hormones into blood), LIVER(bile into ducts, insulin into blood), GONADS (gametes into ducts, hormones into blood)

32
Q

What are the 2 types of glands? What does it mean about branched vs unbranched?

A

Simple=unbranched Compound=branched

33
Q

What are the three shapes of glands?

A

TUBULAR-the ductile cells are secretory ACINAR-secretatory cells form a dilated sac (acinus) TUBULOACINAR-secretatory cells are in both ductal and acinar regions of the gland. (BOTH TUBULAR + ACINAR)

34
Q

BIG CONCEPT: the four types of glandular secretions

A

SEROUS Glands (sweat, milk, tears, & digestive juices) MUCOUS Glands (glycoprotein + mucin + water = mucus) MIXED glands (serous and mucus) CYTOGENIC glands (whole cells into ducts (testes and ovaries)

35
Q

What are the three basic cellular mechanisms of glandular secretion?

A

Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

36
Q

Describe merocrine secretion

A

Merocrine=Merge-o-crin: A granule’s membrane fuses with a apical membrane and releases its content (exocytosis) no loss of cytoplasm MOST COMMON

37
Q

Describe apocrine secretion

A

Dependent on sex hormones: granule goes to apical portion of cell then membrane PINCHES off.

38
Q

Describe holocrine secretion

A

Breakdown and discharge of ENTIRE secretory cells e.g. sebaceous glands

Embryology (11 decks)

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