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Embryology > 510-3 > Flashcards

510-3 Flashcards

1
Q

When do the head and neck begin to form in the embryo?

A

4 to 5 weeks

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2
Q

What are the three main components of the embryonic pharynx?

A

1)ARCHES 2)POUCHES(inside=endoderm) 3)CLEFTS(outside=ectoderm)

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3
Q

What are 3 signaling molecules that help guide Neural Crest Cells to the pharyngeal arches?

A

1)Shh (Sonic hedge hog) 2)Bmp (Bone morphogenic proteins) 3)Fgf(fibroblast growth factors)

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4
Q

How are regional growth factor gradients regulated in the embryo (2 ways)? What are the overall genes expressed?

A

Temporally & Spatially by expression of Hox genes

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5
Q

What comprises a pharyngeal arch? What does each pharyngeal arch develop into?

A

Mesenchymal tissue. They each develop into its own artery, nerve, muscle, and skeletal element of the head and neck.

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6
Q

What do the pharyngeal clefts give rise to?

A

outer ear canal (external auditory meatus), doesn’t do too much

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7
Q

What is a branchial?

A

BRAIN-Key-Al, what develops into gills in fish/amphibians

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8
Q

What is the vitelline duct?

A

VIT-EL-IN=yoke

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9
Q

What does DHNC stand for in the 5wk embryo?

A

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord-continuance of the developing brain

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10
Q

What does FP stand for in the 5 wk embryo?

A

Frontal Prominence-developing brain

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11
Q

FOUNDATIONAL: Does cartilage form into bone?

A

NO. :)

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12
Q

What are the three MAIN developments from the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

1)Mandible 2)Maxilla 3)MECKEL’s Cartilage

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13
Q

What structure in the 24day embryo will eventually become the opening of the oral cavity?

A

Stomodeum “STO-MO-DE-UM” another name for the buccopharyngeal membrane.

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14
Q

What is the named cartilage of the 1st pharyngeal arch? If you get this wrong, you deserve death. Which ear ossicles?

A

MECKEL’s cartilage (the mandible) “MECK-EL’s” The INCUS and the MALLEUS

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15
Q

What is the named cartilage of the 2nd arch? Which ear ossicle?

A

Reichert’s cartilage (hyoid/ear bones) “RY-Kurt’s” the STAPES

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16
Q

What are the 5 main bones derived from the 1st arch cartilage?

A

1)Maxilla 2)Mandible (Meckel’s) 3)Temporal 4)Malleus 5)Incus

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17
Q

What does the maxilla develop from?

A

a mesenchymal condensation in the 1st arch

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18
Q

What is the process of the development of the maxilla?

A

I.O. ==INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION-bone progressively replaces the embryonic connective tissue

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19
Q

How can mid face deficiency develop?

A

Injury to the suture or failure of the cranial base to lengthen behind the nasomaxilla (MAX grows OUT and DOWN from the skull

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20
Q

What are the two methods of the formation of the mandibular bone? Which portions specifically?

A

Intermembranous Ossification (majority) NEURAL REGION and endochondrial ossification ARTICULAR REGION

21
Q

What are the main nerves of concern for a dentist? What anatomical landmark are their embryological origins?

A

The main nerves of concern are V-Trigeminal,VII-Facial,IX-Glossopharyngeal,X-Vagus. They are EPIBRANCHIAL PLACODES.

22
Q

Which arch and muscles are innervated by V?

A

V-Trigeminal: 1st Pharyngeal Arch (BOTH Max and Mand processes). Innervates Muscles of Mastication

23
Q

Which arch and muscles are innervated by VII?

A

VII-Facial: 2nd Pharyngeal Arch. Muscles of Facial Expression

24
Q

Which arch and muscles are innervated by IX?

A

IX-Glossopharyngeal: 3rd Pharyngeal Arch. Muscles of Swallow Reflex

25
Q

Which arch(es) and muscles are innervated by X?

A

X-Vagus:Arches 4-6. Muscles of Swallow Reflex

26
Q

What does the first pharyngeal CLEFT yield?

A

The 1st pharyngeal cleft gives rise to the external auditory meatus. Clefts 2,3,4 fuse to temporarily form a cervical sinus that will disappear.

27
Q

Which pouch is involved with the formation of the thyroid gland? Which specific cells does it give rise to in the thyroid?

A

The ULTIMOBRANCHIAL body of the 4th pouch. Gives rise to parafollicular or C-Cells that secrete calcitonin.

28
Q

What do the endodermal layer and ectodermal layers form in the 1st POUCH and CLEFT respectively come together to form?

A

The tympanic membrane!

29
Q

Name four derivatives of the 1st pharyngeal Pouch

A

1)Tympanic Membrane 2)Tympanic Cavity 3)Mastoid Antrum 4)Auditory(Eustachian) Tubes

30
Q

Name the derivative(s) of Pharyngeal Pouch Number TWO

A

TONSILS: Palatine Tonsils

31
Q

Name the two derivatives of the 3rd Pharyngeal Pouch

A

INFERIOR Parathyroid Glands, Thymus

32
Q

Name the two derivatives of the 4th Pharyngeal Pouch

A

Superior Parathyroid Glands, Ultimobranchial Bodies

33
Q

Which anatomical landmark did the Thyroid originate?

A

The foramen cecum

34
Q

Which duct is formed from invaginated pharyngeal epithelium?

A

Thyroglossal duct. (((Thyroid + Tongue)))

35
Q

Which cells produce the metabolic hormones of the thyroid T3 and T4?

A

follicular cells

36
Q

Where is the most common thyroglossal cyst located?

A

By the adam’s apple

37
Q

What is the most common cause of a lateral cervical cyst?

A

if the cervical sinus from the 2nd, 3rd, 4th pharyngeal CLEFTS are not completely obliterated

38
Q

What are the 5 elevated prominences of the embryo that develop the face?

A

1)Frontonasal 2)Maxillary 3)Medial Nasal 4)Lateral Nasal 5)Mandibular

39
Q

What structure invaginates to form nasal pits?

A

Nasal Placodes

40
Q

Compare the mandibular and maxillary process development. Which one starts connected? Which one fuses?

A

Mandible begins connected and the initial groove goes away. Maxilla begins separate and merges.

41
Q

Which two main facial prominences combine to make the INTERMAXILLARY segment?

A

1) Maxillary prominence 2) Medial Nasal Prominence

42
Q

When the maxillary prominence and the medial nasal prominences join what 3 structures arise?

A

1) Philtrum 2)the 4 incisor portion of the maxilla 3)TRIangular primary palate

43
Q

What does the MAIN portion of the maxillary palate develop from?

A

The palatine shelves. End result=secondary plate

44
Q

At what junction is the incisive foramen?

A

The junction between the PRIMARY palate and the palatal shelves.

45
Q

What is the dividing landmark between the anterior and posterior cleft deformities?

A

The incisive foramen

46
Q

Most common: cleft lip or cleft palate?

A

Cleft lip (male dominated)

47
Q

Which two pharyngeal arches does the tongue develop from?

A

1st (tuburculum impar)and 3rd (copula-root of tongue)

48
Q

Which arch yields the epiglottis?

A

4th

49
Q

What is the common name for Ankyloglossia?

A

Tongue-tie:from not enough apoptosis

Embryology (11 decks)

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