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Embryology > 510-2 > Flashcards

510-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between an embryo and a fetus?

A

AGE. An embryo lasts 8 weeks, the fetus is the rest of the trip.

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2
Q

Where is the normal fertilization site in the uterus?

A

The ampulla region

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3
Q

What is the 1st barrier of the unfertilized ovum?

A

The corona radiata

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4
Q

What is the second layer of the unfertilized ovum?

A

The Zona Pellucida “PEL-EW-SID-AH”

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5
Q

Approx how many spermatozoa are deposited into the repro tract? How many SURVIVE reach the oocyte?

A

~200-300 MILLION deposited, only the strongest three to five hundred make it to the egg.

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6
Q

What is the vesicle of enzymes at the tip of a spermatozoan?

A

The acrosome

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7
Q

What are the two “reactions” necessary for the sperm to enter the egg?

A

1st: Acrosome Reaction-enzymes released from the acrosome allow the sperm to get in 2nd: the Zona reaction-The zona pellucida undergoes a rapid, CALCIUM mediated change and another sperm is prevented from entering.

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8
Q

How long does it take for the zygote to develop into the morula? Where does it travel to and from during this time?

A

It takes 4 days to develop into the morula. It travels from the ampulla to the uterine tube to the uterus.

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9
Q

What is the term for a solid ball of blastomeres?

A

A morula. Think MULBERRY (and birds pooping)

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10
Q

NAME the 4 cell types yielded by the ECTODERM

A

“Attract-o-derm” 1)Epidermis 2)ENAMEL 3)Mouth Lining 4)Nervous system

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11
Q

Name the 7 yields of the ENDODERM

A

1)LIVER 2)Pancreas 3)Thyroid 4) Parathyroid 5)Lining of the Gut 6)Lungs 7)Bladder

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12
Q

Name the 9 yields of the MESODERM

A

1) Muscles 2)Bones 3)Blood Cells 4)Spleen 5)lymphatic tissues 6)heart 7)lungs 8)reproductive system 9) excretory system

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13
Q

What is undifferentiated connective tissue called?

A

Mesenchyme

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14
Q

What does gastrulation begin with?

A

The primitive streak on the epiblast.

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15
Q

After implantation of the blastocyst and rooting of the trophoblast, what does the trophoblast divide into?

A

1) the Syncytiotrophoblast “SIN-SE-shio-Tropho-blast” 2)Cytotrophoblast

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16
Q

What are the three layers of the Uterus?

A

1)Perimetrium 2)Myometrium 3)Endometrium

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17
Q

How long does it take from fertilization to two cell stage?

A

30 hours

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18
Q

How long does it take from fertilization to implantation?

A

6 days

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19
Q

What does the trophoblast develop into?

A

The placenta–Troph==Nourish

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20
Q

What is the vascular connective tissue of the uterus?

A

The endometria Stroma

21
Q

Cytotrophoblast: Inner or outer? What type of cells?Large?Small?Singular?Plural?

A

The cytotrophoblast is the INNER layer of the trophoblast and it is mainly LARGE and SINGLE cells.

22
Q

What is the outer layer of the trophoblast that grows around maternal blood vesicles in the endometrial stroma?

A

The syncytiotrophoblast

23
Q

What 2 parts do the epiblast develop into?

A

The ectoderm and the amniotic cavity

24
Q

What does the hypoblast develop into?

A

The yolk sac

25
Q

What cavity causes the formation of the secondary yolk sac from the primary yolk sac?

A

The chorionic “CORE-EE-ON-IC” cavity

26
Q

What hormone does the chorionic tissue produce?

A

hCG-human Chorionic Gonadotropin-keeps the corpus luteum alive to produce progesterone to maintain the uterus :)

27
Q

What is at the leading edge of the primitive streak?

A

The primitive NODE

28
Q

What does the buccopharyngeal membrane on the epiblast yield?

A

THE ORAL CAVITY!!

29
Q

What types of genes do the cells of the primitive STREAK express?

A

Growth Factors! Bone Morphogenic Protein 4 & Transforming Growth Factor Beta

30
Q

What types of genes do the cells of the primitive NODE express?

A

Inhibitory proteins! Block excessive growth of the messderm.

31
Q

What genes do the cells of the primitive node trigger?

A

Chordin-notochord Noggin-somites

32
Q

What portion of the embryo did Hans Spemann experiment with? What was the takeaway?

A

Spemann played around with the PRIMITIVE NODE, and found that it ORGANIZED the growth of a second head. (Therefore primitive node = head dev.)

33
Q

What is the role of the GOOSECOID transcription factor?

A

Goosecoid activates CHORDIN which directs development of the cranial mesoderm. Creates a two headed baby.

34
Q

What structure do the cells of the primitive node form?

A

The notochord

35
Q

What type of effect does the notochord have on surrounding tissues? What type of tissues develop from this effect?

A

INDUCTIVE effect: causes the development of NERVE MUCSLE AND CONNECTIVE tissue(only epithelial missing,eh?)

36
Q

What are the only remnants of the notochord in a developed human?

A

The center of the intervertebral disks. STARTS the axial skeleton (SOMITES!)

37
Q

What does the buccopharyngeal membrane correspond to? Which end of the notochord? Cranial or Caudal?

A

The buccopharyngeal membrane corresponds to the mouth and it is Cranial. NO MESODERM

38
Q

What does the CLOACAL membrane correspond to?Cranial or Caudal end?

A

CLOW-ACHE-AL membrane corresponds to the anus and it is on the caudal end of the notochord. NO MESODERM

39
Q

What begins the process of neurulation?

A

The formation of the Neuroectoderm. This makes up the neural Plate (does not touch, inside of neural tube)

40
Q

What forms out of the neural tube? Where does the first enclosure begin?

A

THE CNS. Folds in the middle of the embryo and then proceeds cranially and caudally

41
Q

WHEN does NEURULATION take place?

A

Approx 3 weeks

42
Q

What derm layer forms Somites?

A

Mesoderm

43
Q

What develops from somites?

A

Dermis, muscle, tendons, bones. SKELETAL/Structure

44
Q

What causes Anencephaly & spina bifida? How can a pregnant woman avoid spina bifida?

A

“AN-IN-Seph-AL-EE” and spina bifida are caused by incomplete closing of the nural tube. Spina bifida can be avoided with consumption of FOLIC ACID. Green leafy veggies.

45
Q

What are the two MAIN derivatives of Surface Ectoderm

A

Mouth epithelium & subsequently Tooth enamel (Repeat right? :)

46
Q

What are the two main derivatives of the Neural crest?

A

Facial Cartilage & Dentin<–(ODONTOOBLASTS!)

47
Q

A clinical example of abnormal neural crest cell migration?

A

Treacher Collins syndrome

48
Q

What is an agent such as a drug, virus, or radiation that can cause malformations to an embryo or fetus? When is development most susceptible to malformations?

A

Teratogen “TER-AT-O-GEN”. 3-8 week embryonic stage.

Embryology (11 decks)

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