5.1 the enlightenment

Question 1

what was some of the new technology?

Answer 1

spinning thread
locomotives
telegraphs
steel mills

Question 2

where did the industrial revolution begin?

Answer 2

great britain

Question 3

who were the two first to rebel against foreign domination?

Answer 3

haiti
the united states

Question 4

what are nation-states?

Answer 4

a country where everyone shared the same culture

Question 5

what were two labor shifts?

Answer 5

europeans resettling in the americas & australia
south asians coerced into taking jobs in southern africa

Question 6

what were the main ideas of the enlightenment?

Answer 6

reason over tradition
individualism
freedom
self-determination
rationalism
empiricsm
progressivism
cosmopolitinsm

Question 7

which roles were challenged by the enlightenment?

Answer 7

monarchs & church leaders

Question 8

what did writers during this time believe?

Answer 8

applying reason to natural laws –would result in progress
didn’t deny the existence of god
emphasis on human accomplishments

Question 9

what is nationalism?

Answer 9

a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language & culture

Question 10

what is empiricism?

Answer 10

the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, observation of natural data (Francis Bacon) & experiments

Question 11

what did philosopher Thomas Hobbes argue?

Answer 11

people’s natural state was to live in a bleak world in which life was “nasty, brutish, and short.”
however, by agreeing to a social contract, they gave up some rights to a strong central government for law and order in return.

Question 12

what did philosopher John Locke argue?

Answer 12

the social contrcat implied the right, even the repsonsibility, of citizens to revolt against unjut governement
people have rights to life, libery, & prosperity

Question 13

who were other big philosophers during this time period?

Answer 13

thomas jefferson, benjamin franklin from america
adam smith from scotland

Question 14

what influence did baron montesquieu have on america (the spirit of laws)?

Answer 14

the separation of the executive branch (the president) from the legislative branch (congress) from the third branch (the federal judiciary)

Question 15

who did voltaire influence?

Answer 15

ideas of religious liberty influence the u.s constitution

Question 16

what did jean-jacques rousseau inspire in the late 18th century?

Answer 16

many revolutionaries

Question 17

how did adam smith respond to mercantilism?

Answer 17

by calling for freer trade, advocated for laissez-faire

Question 18

what does laissez-faire mean?

Answer 18

a government’s approach should reduce their intervention in economic decisions
smith believed the invisible hand would help independent businesses & consumers

Question 19

what is capitalism?

Answer 19

an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit

Question 20

what is deism?

Answer 20

a belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion, but has no continuing involvement in the world & events within it
these laws could be best understood through scientific inquiry
church attendance was viewed as an important social obligation and a way people received moral guidance.

Question 21

cosmopolitanism (from lecture)

Answer 21

all beings are members of a single community

Question 22

what damaged thomas paine’s popularity?

Answer 22

his anti-church writings in his defense of deism in “the age of reason”

Question 23

medieval scholasticism

Answer 23

used reason to defend faith
argued through writing, used little experimentation, relied heavily on aristotle

Question 24

renaissance-

Question 25

rationalism

Answer 25

humans are capable of using their faculty of reason to gain knowledge
this was a sharp turn away fro the prevailing idea that people needed to rely on scripture or church authorities for knowledge

Question 26

progressivism

Answer 26

thru their powers of reason and observation, humans can make unlimited linear progress over time
this belief was especially important as a response to the carnage and upheaval of the civil wars in the 17th century.

Question 27

cosmopolitanism

Answer 27

reflected the enlightenment thinkers’ view of themselves as actively engaged citizens of the world as opposed to provincial and close- minded individuals
in all, enlightenment thinkers endeavored to be ruled by reason, not prejudice.

Question 28

george II

Answer 28

took people to prison, established a colony called georgia

Question 29

conservatism

Answer 29

belief in traditional institutions, practical experience, resisted the beliefs of the enlightenment period

Question 30

What is classical liberalism?

Answer 30

belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire conditions, reduced spending on armies & established churches

Question 31

what declined in europe?

Answer 31

serfdom

Question 32

what is zionism?

Answer 32

desire of jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the middle east

Question 33

where was anti-semitism widespread?

Answer 33

in france

Question 34

which country was founded after the zionist movement?

Answer 34

israel