5.1 the enlightenment Flashcards
what was some of the new technology?
spinning thread
locomotives
telegraphs
steel mills
where did the industrial revolution begin?
great britain
who were the two first to rebel against foreign domination?
haiti
the united states
what are nation-states?
a country where everyone shared the same culture
what were two labor shifts?
europeans resettling in the americas & australia
south asians coerced into taking jobs in southern africa
what were the main ideas of the enlightenment?
reason over tradition
individualism
freedom
self-determination
rationalism
empiricsm
progressivism
cosmopolitinsm
which roles were challenged by the enlightenment?
monarchs & church leaders
what did writers during this time believe?
applying reason to natural laws –would result in progress
didn’t deny the existence of god
emphasis on human accomplishments
what is nationalism?
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language & culture
what is empiricism?
the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, observation of natural data (Francis Bacon) & experiments
what did philosopher Thomas Hobbes argue?
people’s natural state was to live in a bleak world in which life was “nasty, brutish, and short.”
however, by agreeing to a social contract, they gave up some rights to a strong central government for law and order in return.
what did philosopher John Locke argue?
the social contrcat implied the right, even the repsonsibility, of citizens to revolt against unjut governement
people have rights to life, libery, & prosperity
who were other big philosophers during this time period?
thomas jefferson, benjamin franklin from america
adam smith from scotland
what influence did baron montesquieu have on america (the spirit of laws)?
the separation of the executive branch (the president) from the legislative branch (congress) from the third branch (the federal judiciary)
who did voltaire influence?
ideas of religious liberty influence the u.s constitution
what did jean-jacques rousseau inspire in the late 18th century?
many revolutionaries
how did adam smith respond to mercantilism?
by calling for freer trade, advocated for laissez-faire
what does laissez-faire mean?
a government’s approach should reduce their intervention in economic decisions
smith believed the invisible hand would help independent businesses & consumers
what is capitalism?
an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit
what is deism?
a belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion, but has no continuing involvement in the world & events within it
these laws could be best understood through scientific inquiry
church attendance was viewed as an important social obligation and a way people received moral guidance.
cosmopolitanism (from lecture)
all beings are members of a single community
what damaged thomas paine’s popularity?
his anti-church writings in his defense of deism in “the age of reason”
medieval scholasticism
used reason to defend faith
argued through writing, used little experimentation, relied heavily on aristotle
renaissance-
rationalism
humans are capable of using their faculty of reason to gain knowledge
this was a sharp turn away fro the prevailing idea that people needed to rely on scripture or church authorities for knowledge
progressivism
thru their powers of reason and observation, humans can make unlimited linear progress over time
this belief was especially important as a response to the carnage and upheaval of the civil wars in the 17th century.
cosmopolitanism
reflected the enlightenment thinkers’ view of themselves as actively engaged citizens of the world as opposed to provincial and close- minded individuals
in all, enlightenment thinkers endeavored to be ruled by reason, not prejudice.
george II
took people to prison, established a colony called georgia
conservatism
belief in traditional institutions, practical experience, resisted the beliefs of the enlightenment period
What is classical liberalism?
belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire conditions, reduced spending on armies & established churches
what declined in europe?
serfdom
what is zionism?
desire of jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the middle east
where was anti-semitism widespread?
in france
which country was founded after the zionist movement?
israel
