5 Protons, Electrons and ATP

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Fundamental to life —> reducing power CO2 to -C-H

High energy electrons

Question 2

Acquiring energy and materials

Answer 2

Energy and reducing power from chemicals = inorganic (chemolithotrophic) or organic (chemoorganotrophic) or light (phototrophic)

Question 3

3 ways of obtaining energy

Answer 3

Chemolithotrophic

Phototropic

Chemooranotrophic

Question 4

ONE NOTE FOR UNDERSTANDING DIAGRAM PATHWAY

Answer 4

X

Question 5

Anabolism definition

Answer 5

building of complex molecules from numberous simple ones (eg. Protein synthesis)

Question 6

Catabolism definition

Answer 6

breakdown of complex molecules into numerous simple ones (eg. Breakdown of glucose)

Question 7

Anabolism pathway

Answer 7

NAD(P)+ —> NAD(P)H + H+ = -220
The more negative deltaG value the more reducing the element / compound is
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NADP as the electron shuttle of life, the NADP transfers hydrogen and electrons from one substrate onto another substrate (2 stage process) - this is controlled by a specific enzyme (usuallly called dehydrogenase)
NADP must be bound to an enzyme during its redox reaction

Penrose phosphate pathway - use of NADP+ —> NADPH
Penrose phosphate pathway - a glucose oxidising pathway that runs parallel to upper glycolysis to produce 5-phosphate and NADPH

Question 8

Catabolism pathway

Answer 8

Using the electrons to provide energy - ETCs
Redox gradient —> allow electrons to reduce in energy
ETCs - e- from election donor goes into electron carrier in the phospholipid bilayers, transferred from place to place until energy is lost and then goes to terminal e- acceptor

The drive of protons returning back to the N side powers the energy processes of the cell
Chemoorgamic ETCs —> e- from -C-H bonds

There are 5 oxidation states, free energy from oxidation of carbon compounds
The structures with the most C-H bonds have the highest amount of energy (more negative numbers = more reducing)

NADH / NAD+ —> nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Mobile carriers in the matrix allows for transfer of electrons which eventually passes them to oxygen (3 mobile carriers in the inner membrane = FMN / Fe.S centre / Cu.S centre

Question 9

ATP - how does it work

Answer 9

loss of a phosphate generates very large amounts of energy

Question 10

ATP - biosynthesis of palmitate

Answer 10

palm oil

requires 14 NADPH and 7 ATP molecules

Question 11

ATP functions

Answer 11

1. Activates proteins - phosphorylation of a key AA hydrolysed on the protein - Modifications to AA - temporary
2. Mechanical action - ATP binding to myosin which allows for cross bridge formation —> power stroke —> movement

Question 12

Photo systems

Answer 12

Use energy from sunlight

Splitting of water for electrons —> chlorophyll