2 Animal Models And Pharmacological Testing

Question 1

What happened in:
1. 1933
2. 1937
3. 1938

Answer 1

1933 - lash lure mascara causing blindness

1937 - mass poising in USA from sulfanilamide in diethylene glycol dilutent

1938 - mandatory testing on animals before release

Question 2

Main element of animal testing

Answer 2

Toxicity

Question 3

Non-toxic to mice, toxic to humans example

Answer 3

Fialuridine (FIAU) – hepatitis medication in phase II trials

Hepatic damage; mortality and moribidity

Did not have any deleterious effects in mouse model. Impacted mitochondria in humans; mouse transporter worked differently so mice unaffected

Question 4

Clinical trials phases

Answer 4

Preclinical

Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3

Treatment put forward for approval

Question 5

Preclinical testing

Answer 5

Exploring if a new drug may work

Question 6

Phase 1

Answer 6

Drug approved for testing in humans

Small numbers of patients

Studying the safety of the drug in humans and maximum safe dose

Question 7

Phase 2

Answer 7

Up to 300 patients

Further safety study - exploring effectiveness of treatment and identification of any side effects

Question 8

Phase 3

Answer 8

100-1000 patients

Further explore the safety and effectiveness

Study to measure effectiveness against current standard treatments

Monitor side effects

Question 9

What are the advatages of the use of in silico and in vitro human alternatives

Answer 9

Predict responses of reaction in humans

Question 10

Physiology

Answer 10

Both cellular and organismal are complex phenotypes that can vary amongst species

Question 11

Advantages of animal testing

Question 12

Disadvantages of animal testing