5 - Muscles Flashcards
1st class lever
- fulcrum is b/w load & effort
- ex. seesaw, scissors
2nd class lever
- load is b/w fulcrum & effort
- ex. wheelbarrow
3rd class lever
- effort is applied b/w fulcrum & load
- ex. tweezers, most skeletal muscles
A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of joint causes…
flexion
A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint causes …
abduction
A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint causes…
adduction
A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of joint causes…
extension
Mechanical Advtangae
- power lever
- load is close to fulcrum, effort is far from fulcrum
- small effort moves large load
Actions of the shoulder/pectoral girdle?
- elevation
- depression
- rotation
- lateral & medial movements
- protraction
- retraction
Mechanical Disadvantage
- speed lever
- load far from fulcrum, effort close to fulcrum
- load moved rapidly over large distance
- wide range of motion
Muscles for Swallowing (Infrahyoid)
- TOSS
- Thyrohyoid
- Omohyoid
- Sternohyoid
- Sternothyroid
Muscles for Swallowing (Suprahyoid)
Good Samaritan Does Marathon
- Geniohyoid
- Stylohyoid
- Digastric
- Mylohyoid
Muscles for Tongue Movements
- Genioglossus
- Hyoglossus
- Styloglossus
Muscles of Facial Expression (Face)
- Corrugator supercilli
- Orbicularis Oculi
- Zygomaticus
- Risorius
- Levator labii superioris
- Depressor labii inferioris
- Deppressor anguli oris
- Orbicularis oris
- Mentalis
- Buccinator
- Platysma
Muscles of Facial Expression (scalp)
- Epicranius (occipitofrontalis) -> frontal belly & occipital belly
Muscles of Mastication
- Masseter
- Temporalis
- Medial Pterygoid
- Lateral Pterygoid
- Buccinator
Muscles of Neck & Vertebral Column (Anterolateral neck muscles)
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalenes
Muscles of Neck & Vertebral column (Intrinsic muscles of the back)
- Splenius
- Erector spinae - Iliocostalis & Longissimus & Spinalis
- Semispinalis
- Quadratus lumborum
prime hip abductor
- gluteus medius
- Synergist: sartorius, tensor fascia lata, gluteus maximus & minimus, piriformis, obturator internus & externus
Prime hip adductor
- adductor magnus, longus & brevis, pectineus, gracilis
Prime hip lateral rotator
- sartorius, gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturator internus & externus, gemelli, quadratus femoris
Prime hip medial rotator
- tensor fascia lata, adductor muscles, pectineus, gracilis, gluteus medius & minimus
Prime knee flexor
- biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
- Synergist: sartorius, gracilis, gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus
Prime move finger extension
- extensor digitorum (& abducts), extensor pollicis longus & brevis (thumb), extonsor indicis (pointer finger)
prime mover ankle eversion
- fibularis tertius & fibularis longus & brevis
prime mover dorsiflexion
- tibialis anterior
- Synergist: extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius, extensor hallicis longus
Prime mover finger flexion
- flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus
Prime mover for flexion at shoulder joint
- deltoid (anterior fibers)
- synergists: coracobrachialis & biceps brachii
prime mover hip extension
- gluteus maximus & biceps femoris
- Synergist: adductor magnus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
Prime mover knee extension
- rectus femoris & vastus muscles
Prime mover of abduction at shoulder joint
- deltoid
- synergist: supraspinatus
Prime mover of adduction at shoulder joint
- pectoralis major & latissimus dorsi
- synergists: teres minor, corachobrachialis, triceps brachii
prime mover of ankle inversion
- tibialis posterior
- Synergist: tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
Prime Mover of back extension
- Erector Spinae -> Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis
Prime mover of elbow extension
- triceps brachii
- synergist: aconeus
Prime mover of elbow flexion
- bieps brachii & brachialis
- synergists: pronator teres & brachioradialis
Prime mover of extension at shoulder joint
- latissimus dorsi & deltoid (posterior fibers)
- synergist: teres major
Prime mover of Hip flexion
- Iliopsoas
- Synergist: Sartorius, tensor fascia lata, rectus femoris, adductor muscles, pectineus
Prime mover of pronation
- pronator quadratus
- synergist: pronator teres
Prime mover of supination
- supinator & biceps brachii
Prime mover plantar flexion
- gastrocnemius & soleus
- Synergist: fibularis longus & brevis, plantaris, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus, tibialis posterior
prime mover toe extension
- extensor digitorum longus & extensor hallucis longus (big toe)
prime mover toe flexion
- flexor digitorum longus & flexor hallucis longus (big toe)
Prime mover wrist abduction
- flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis (longus & brevis), abductor pollicis longus
Prime mover wrist adduction
- flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris
Prime movers of medial rotation at shoulder joint
- subscapularis
- synergists: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, deltoid (anterior fibers)
Prime movers wrist extension
- extensor carpi radialis (longus & brevis), extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris
- synergist: extensor indicis
Prime movers wrist flexion
- flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis
- synergists: palmaris longus & flexor digitorum profundus
Primer mover of lateral rotation at shoulder joint
- infraspinatus & teres minor
- synergist: deltoid (posterior fibers)
What actions do the lateral lower leg muscles do?
- plantar flexion & eversion of the foot
What are the 2 groups of Forearm muscles?
- Anterior - mainly flexors
- Posterior - mainly extensors
What are the 2 groups of shoulder girdle muscles?
- muscles of the anterior thorax
- muscles of the posterior thorax
What are the 2 other Posterior Forearm muscles?
- Aconeus
- Brachioradialis
What are the 3 Erector Spinae muscles? What do they do?
- Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis
- prime movers for back extension
- during full flexion (touching the floor) they are relaxed
What are the 3 groups of leg muscles (at ankles & toes)?
- Anterior (shin) x4
- Lateral x2
- Posterior (calf) x7
What are the 3 prime movers of the arm?
- Pectoralis major
- Latissimus dorsi
- Deltoid
What are the actions of Forearm muscles?
- movements of wrists, fingers, & thumbs
- pronation & supination of forearm
What are the actions of the abdominal wall muscles?
- lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk
- promote urination, defecation, childbirth, vomiting, coughing, screaming
What are the actions of the posterior lower leg muscles (calf)?
- plantar flex the ankle
What are the Anterior Muscles crossing the Elbow Joint?
- Biceps brachii
- Brachialis
- Brachioradialis
What are the anterior muscles of the leg?
- Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)
- Tensor fascia lata
- knee extensors!!!
What are the Anterior muscles of the lower leg?
- “shin muscles”
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Fibularis tertius
- Extensor hallucis longus
What are the Deep Anterior Forearm Muscles?
- flexor pollicis longus
- flexor digitorum profundus
- pronator quadratus
What are the Deep Posterior Forearm Muscles?
- supinator
- abductor pollicis longus
- extensor pollicis brevis & longus
- extensor indicis
What are the Expiratory muscles?
- mainly relaxation of Diaphragm & External Intercostals
- forced expiration by contraction of Internal Intercostals
What are the functions of the pelvic diaphragm?
- seals inferior outlet of pelvis
- supports pelvic organs
- lifts pelvic floor to help release feces
- resists increased intra-abdominal pressure
What are the groups of the Leg muscles?
- anterior muscles (quads)
- posterior muscles (hamstrings)
- medial muscles (adductors)
What are the Inspiratory muscles?
- Diaphragm & External intercostals
What are the lateral leg muscles (at ankle & toes)?
- fibularis longus
- fibularis brevis
What are the main actions of anterior leg (shin) muscles?
- toe extensors & ankle dorsiflexors
What are the Medial muscles of the thigh?
- Adductors (adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis)
- pectineus
- gracilis
What are the muscles of Abdominal wall?
- rectus abdominus
- external obliques
- internal obliques
- transversus abdominus
What are the muscles of the Anterior Thorax?
- Pectoralis minor
- Serratus anterior
- Subclavis
What are the muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm?
- Levator ani
- Coccygeus
What are the muscles of the Superficial Perineal Space?
- Ischiocavernosus
- Bulbospongiosus
- Superificial transverse perineal muscles
What are the muscles of the Superificial Posterior Thorax?
- Trapezius
- Levator scapulae
- Rhomboids
What are the muscles of the Urogenital Diaphragm?
- deep transvere perineal muscle
- external urethral sphincter
What are the posterior lower leg muscles?
- “calf” muscles
- Superficial - triceps surae (Gastrocnemius & Soleus)
- Deep - Popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus, tibialis posterior
What are the Posterior muscles crossing the Elbow Joint?
- Triceps brachii
- Anconeus
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres minor
- Subscapularis
What are the Superficial Anterior Forearm Muscles?
- pronator teres
- flexor carpir radialis
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- flexor digitorum superficialis
What are the Superficial Posterior Forearm Muscles?
- extensor carpi radialis longus
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
- extensor digitorum
- extensor digiti minimi
- extensor carpi ulnaris
What do the Coracobrachialis & Teres Major do?
- Act as synergists for arm muscles
What is the Lever formula?
Effort x length of effort arm = Load x length of load arm
(force x distance) = (resistance x distance)
What is the Origin of most Anterior Forearm muscles?
- Medial epicondyle of Humerus (MEH)
What muscles cause pronation?
- Pronator teres & pronator quadratus
What muscles make up the posterior group of thigh?
- hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitensinosus, semimembranosus)
What is the shoulder girdle/pectoral girdle?
- the set of bones (clavicle & scapula) which connects the arm to the appendicular skeleton
