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PHARM 110 > 13 - Integument > Flashcards

13 - Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the Integument?

A
  • epidermis - outermost
  • dermis - middle region (areolar & reticular CT)
  • hypodermis - deepest region (adipose & areolar CT)
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2
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Protection - chemical (low pH, glycolipid waterproofing), physical and mechanical barrier
  • Cutaneous sensation - called exoreceptors b/c they sense external touch & pain
  • Body temperature - blood vessel contstriction & sweat gland secretions
  • Metabolic functions - synthesizes vitamin D in dermal blood vessels
  • Blood reservoir - skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body’s blood volume
  • Excretion - limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from the body in sweat
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3
Q

What are the 4 cell types in the epidermis?

A
  • keratinocytes - produce keratin
  • melanocytes - produce melanin
  • Langerhans’ cells - macrophages
  • merkel cells - touch receptors
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4
Q

What are the layers of the Epidermis? from superficial to deep

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum (thick skin ONLY)
  3. stratum granulsoum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
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5
Q

What are the 2 types of granules in stratum spinosum? what do they do?

A
  • Keratohyaline granule - involved in cross-linking keratin & cellular dehydration
    • meshwork of keratin
  • Lamellar granules - waterproofing glycolipid granules that is spewed into the extracellular space
    • Water proofing agents
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6
Q

What cells are in the Dermis?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • WBC
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7
Q

What are the layers of the Dermis?

A
  • papillary layer - loose areolar CT
  • reticular layer - dense irregular CT
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8
Q

What is present in the Papillary layer of the Dermis?

A
  • areolar CT - collagen & elastic fibers
  • dermal papillae
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9
Q

What are Dermal Papillae?

A
  • superior surface peg-like projections
  • dermis -> epidermis
  • contain: capillary loops, meissner’s corpuscles, free nerve endings
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10
Q

What is in the Hypodermis layer?

A
  • composed of adipose & areolar CT
  • blood vessel layers - involved in thermoregulation
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10
Q

What is in the Reticular layer of the Dermis?

A
  • collagen fibers
  • elastin fibers
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11
Q

What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin colour?

A
  • melanin - yellow to black colour
  • carotene - yellow to orange colour
  • hemoglobin - reddish pigment
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12
Q

What are the 4 gland types?

A
  • Sudoriferous sweat glands
  • Ceruminous glands
  • Mammary glands
  • Sebaceous (oil) glands
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13
Q

Apocrine vs. Eccrine

A
  • Apocrine - larger, highly vascularized, secrete along hair shaft, viscous secretion
  • Eccrine (merocrine) - over most of body, open directly onto skin surface, hypotonic filtrate of the blood
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14
Q

What are Ceruminous Glands?

A
  • Secrete cerumen or earwax - thought toe deter insects & block entry of foreign material
  • Combo of apocrine & eccrine
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15
Q

What are Mammary Glands?

A
  • Specialized sweat glands that secrete milk
  • Modification of apocrine
  • Stimulated by prolactin to produce milk
16
Q

What are Sebaceous glands?

A
  • Holocrine type oil secretion called sebum (made of cholesterol, proteins, fats & salts)
    ○ Lose cell as mode of secretion
  • Keeps hair & skin soft & pliable & inhibits growth of bacteria & fungi (ringworm)
  • Activated during puberty when androgens begin to rise
    ○ Sensitive to DHT, Testosterone
  • Acne caused by a clogged sebaceous gland pore
17
Q

What are the layers in the hair follicle? (starting at medulla)

A
  • Medulla > Cortex > Cuticle > Internal epithelial root sheath > external epithelial root sheath
18
Q

How does the hair alert the body to insects on the skin?

A
  • sensory nerve endings called hair follicle receptor or root hair plexus wrap around each bulb
  • if the hair is bent, stimulates endings -> suggests something is on skin
19
Q

What are Hair papilla?

A
  • dermal tissue that protrudes into the hair bulb & has capillaries
  • type of CT
20
Q

What is the Hair Matrix?

A
  • actively dividing area that produces hair, as cells are pushed upwards they become increasing keratinized & die
  • similar to basale layer
21
Q

What causes hair colour?

A
  • pigment made by melanocytes at base of hair follicle
  • blond & red have little eumelanin
  • black hair has lots of eumelanin
  • red hair also has pheomelanin
22
Q

What are the 3 steps in the Hair Growth Cycle?

A
  1. Growth Stage - cells of matrix differentiate, keratinize & die, 2-6 years
  2. Resting stage - hair growth stops, lasts for 3 months on scalp
  3. After resting stage - hair falls out, replaced & new growth stage
23
Q

What is the structure of the nail?

A
  • modification of the epidermis made of hard keratin
  • nail cells are produced by matrix
  • nail cells become heavily keratinized & nail body slides over nail bed
24
Q

What are the types of Cancer & what cells are they derived from?

A
  • carcinoma - epithelial cells
  • sarcoma - connective tissue or mesenchymal cells
  • lymphoma & leukemia - hematopoietic cells
  • germ cell tumor - pluripotent cells
  • blastoma - embryonic tissue
25
Q

What are the 3 major types of skin cancers?

A
  • basal cell carcinoma - most common, stratum basale, slow growing & often does NOT metastasize
  • squamous cell carcinoma - stratum spinosum, grows rapidyly & metastisizes if not removed
  • melanoma - melanocytes, highly metastatic & resistant to chemotherapy
26
Q

What is a crucial risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancer?

A
  • disability of the p53 gene (tumor suppressor gene)
27
Q

What is the ABCD rule for melanoma?

A
  • A - asymmetry
  • B - border (irregular & indentations)
  • C - colour (black, brown, tan)
  • D - diameter (larger than 6mm)
28
Q

What is the rule of 9 for burns?

A
  • anterior/posterior head & neck = 9%
  • anterior/posterior upper limbs = 18%
  • anterior/posterior trunk = 36%
  • anterior/posterior legs = 36%
29
Q

Burns are considered critical when…

A
  • Over 25% of body has 2nd degree burns
  • Over 10% of body has 3rd degree burns
  • 3rd degree burns on face, hands or feet
30
Q

What are potential fatal complications from burns?

A
  • shock
  • infection
  • electrolyte imabalance
  • respiratory distress

PHARM 110 (12 decks)

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