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PHARM 110 > 11 - Special Senses > Flashcards

11 - Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A
  • Eyebrows
  • Eyelids
  • Conjunctiva
  • Lacrimal apparatus
  • Extrinsic eye muscles
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2
Q

What are the muscles that move the eyebrows?

A
  • corrugator supercilii muscles - move eyebrow medially, look mad
  • orbicularis oculi - depress the eyebrow
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3
Q

What does the Conjunctiva do? What are the parts?

A
  • lubricates & protects the eye
  • like plastic wrap for the whites of the eyes
  • 1. palpebral conjunctiva
  • 2. ocular (bulbar) conjunctiva
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4
Q

What is the pathway of tears?

start at the lacrimal gland

A
  • lacrimal gland > excretory ducts > lacrimal punctum > nasolacrimal duct
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5
Q

What are the 6 extrinsice eye muscles & what CN innervate them?

A
  • LR6, SO4, R3
  • lateral rectus - CN VI
  • superior oblique CN IV
  • medial rectus, euperior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique - CN III
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6
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the eyeball?

tunics

A
  • sclera - outer
  • choroid
  • retina - inner
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7
Q

What makes up the vascular tunic?

3 parts

A
  • choroid - posterior portion of uvea, supplies blood to all eye tunics
  • Ciliary body - hold lens in place
  • iris - controls the amount of light
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8
Q

what is the pathway of light through the eyeball?

from the cornea to the photoreceptor cells

A

cornea > pupil > lens > back of eyeball > Ganglion cells > Bipolar cells > Rods/cones

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9
Q

Compare the amounts of cells in the eye

ganglion, bipolar, rods/cones

A
  • # of cells decreases as you move towards the inner surface of the eyeball
  • rods/cones> Bipolar cells > Ganglion cells
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10
Q

what is the optic disc?

A
  • axons from the ganglion cells, project out through the optic disc as the optic nerve
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11
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A
  • high quality colour images
  • no blood vessels here
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12
Q

What is macular degeneration?

A
  • build up of visual pigments in the retina
  • effects macula lutea
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13
Q

What is retinopathy?

A
  • vessels have weak walls - hemorrhaging & blindness
  • get bleeds - photoreceptors don’t have good view of image
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14
Q

What are the 2 chambers of the eye? What are they filled with?

A
  • anterior segment - b/w the cornea & iris, aqueous humor
  • posterior segment - b/w the iris & the lens, vitreous humor
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15
Q

What is the most important liquid for pressure?

A

aqueous humor

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16
Q

What is glaucoma?

A
  • aqueous humor does not flow through the trabecular meshwork properly
  • eye pressure IOP increases, damaging the optic nerve fibers
  • blind spots develop
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17
Q

What is the lens?

A
  • biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular structure
  • allows precise focusing of light on retina
  • epithelium & lens fibers
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18
Q

What happens when ciliary muscles relax

A
  • ligaments pull & flatten lens, less biconvex, focus on far objects
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19
Q

What happens when ciliary muscles contract

A
  • ligaments release tension, lens more biconvex, focus on close objects
20
Q

What is the fovea?

A
  • in the macula
  • very high concentration of cone cells
  • region of the sharpest vision
21
Q

What cells are active allowing you to see images in a bright room?

A
  • cone cells (blue, red, green)
22
Q

Focusing for distant vision

A
  • very little adjustments
  • primary control by SNS
  • opening of iris
  • flattening of lens
23
Q

Focusing for close vision

A
  • ACC
  • accomodation - changing shape of lens
  • constriction - constricts pupils
  • convergence - medial rotation of the eyeballs
24
Q

What lens does a Myopic eye need?

A
  • nearsighted
  • normal near sight, abnormal far sight
  • concave lens (diverging)
25
Q

Rods

A
  • sensitive to dim light & best suited for night vision
  • fuzzy grey & indistinct images
  • more than 1 rod cell converging on bipolar cell
25
Q

What lens does a Hyperopic eye need?

A
  • farsighted
  • normal far sight, abnormal near sight
  • need convex lens (converging)
25
Q

Isomerization of Retinal

A
  • initiated electrical impulses in the optic nerve
  • light converts cis -> trans
  • bleaching of the pigment -> get ALL trans
  • Regeneration of cis requires isomerase enzyme & ATP
26
Q

Cones

A
  • each cone synapses w/ a single ganglion cell
  • detailed & high resolution
  • need bright light for activation
  • visual pigments are similar to rods (retinal & opsins)
  • blue, green & red cones
26
Q

How many types of specialized cells are in the eye?

A
  • 4 -> 3 colour cones & 1 rod cell
27
Q

What are the steps of phototransduction of a rod cell

A
  1. light activates cis-retinal -> all trans-retinal
  2. activates transducin
  3. transducin binds PDE
  4. PDE turns cyclic GMP -> GMP
  5. inactivates cation channel b/c cGMP no longer bound
  6. no NT released
  7. no IPSP, bipolar cell depolarizes
  8. NT released from bipolar
  9. EPSP in ganglion cell
  10. AP
28
Q

What are the 2 primary types of receptive cells

A
  • on center, off surround
  • off center, on surround
29
Q

Steps in Olfactory Transduction

A
  1. odor-causing chemical binds receptor (bipolar cells)
  2. initiates G-protein mechanism, binds Golf
  3. GTP -> GDP
  4. activated G protein binds Adenylate cyclase
  5. cAMP binds Na & Ca channels
  6. depolarization
  7. AP
30
Q

What are the 3 types of papillae on tongue?

A
  • foliate - lateral
  • fungiform - front
  • circumvallate - back
31
Q

Tastes buds consist of what 3 cells?

A
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
  • gustatory cells
32
Q

Steps in Taste Transduction

A
  1. taste ligand binds receptor (on taste cells)
  2. signal transduction
  3. Ca2+ released
  4. exocytosis of NT
  5. binds primary sensory neuron
  6. AP
33
Q

What are the 5 taste sensations?

A
  • sweet - sugars
  • bitter - alkaloids (nicotine)
  • umami - glutamate
  • salt - Na+
  • sour H+ ions
34
Q

What make up the outer ear

A
  • auricle (pinna) - helix (rim) + lobule (earlobe)
  • ceruminous glands
  • tympanic membrane (end of outer ear)
35
Q

what make up the middle ear?

A
  • pharyngotympanic tube - connects middle ear to nasopharynx
  • ear ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes
  • tensor tympani & stapedius muscles
36
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A
  • bony labrinth - filled w/ perilymph
  • membranous labyrinth - filled w/ endolymph
  • vestibule, cochlea & semicircular canals
37
Q

What are the 3 chambers of the cochlea?

A
  • scala vestibuli
  • scala media = cochlear duct
  • scala tympani
38
Q

T or F: Hair cells are important & there are many types that encode frequency

A
  • FALSE - frequency is encoded by basilar membrane
  • NOTE: nair cells are only sensitive to mechanical movement of basilar membrane
39
Q

What are the steps in hearing

start (eardrum) end (activate cochlear nerve)

A
  1. sound vibrations beat against tympanic membrane
  2. pushes against ossicles
  3. fluid presses against oval windows
  4. go through cochlear duct
  5. basilar membrane deflects
  6. pushes against tectorial membrane
  7. bends cilia
  8. opens mechanically gates ion channels
  9. graded potential & relase NT
  10. activates cochlear nerve
40
Q

What are the 2 different types of eqbm receptors

A
  • vestibular receptors (utricle & saccule) - monitors static eqbm or linear acceleration
  • semicircular canal receptors - monitors dynamic eqbm or angular acceleration
41
Q

What happens during excitation of utricular & saccular receptor cells?

A
  • movement in the direction of the kinocilia
  • depolarization of the vestibular nerve fiber
42
Q

What happens during inhibition of utricular & saccular receptor cells?

A
  • movement in the opposite direction of the kinocilia
  • hyperpolarization of vestibular nerve fibers
43
Q

What are the 3 canals & planes in the semicircular canals?

A
  • anterior canal - nod for yes
  • posterior canal - tilt head left & right
  • lateral canal - shake head no
44
Q

In rotary head movement which way does fluid & cupula move?

A
  • fluid & cupula move in same direction, opposite to direction of rotation
  • think of hoola hoop

PHARM 110 (12 decks)

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