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PHARM 110 > 12 - Endocrine > Flashcards

12 - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A
  • chemical released by a cell in 1 part of the body that affects cells in another
  • secreted & travel a distance
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2
Q

Types of hormones?

endocrine, neuroendocrine, exocrine

A
  • Endocrine - hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream
  • Neuroendocrine - hormones produced by neurons secreted into the bloodstream
  • Exocrine - hormones are secreted directly into a duct (can enter bloodstream)
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3
Q

Autocrine vs. Paracrine

A
  • Autocrine - chemicals that exert effects on the same cells
  • Paracrine - locally acting chemicals that affect nearby cells
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4
Q

Hormones alter target cell activity by which 2 mechanisms?

A
  • Second messengers - regulatory G proteins tend to be amino-acid based hormones
  • Direct gene activation - tend to be steroid hormones
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5
Q

What is Up-regulation?

A
  • target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone
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6
Q

What is down-regulation?

A
  • target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone
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7
Q

What is Permissiveness?

A
  • 1 hormone cannot exert its effects w/out another hormone being present
  • (ex. Thyroid hormone increases epinephrine receptors; cortisol allows growth hormone to work in cells)
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8
Q

What is Synergism?

A
  • more than 1 hormone produces the same effects on a target cell
  • (insulin & glucagon-like-peptide-1)
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9
Q

What is Antagonism?

A
  • 1 or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone
  • (insulin & glucagon; dopamine & prolactin)
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10
Q

How does a Humoral Stimuli cause hormone release?

A
  • Secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions & nutrients
  • Ca2+ low (regulator) -> thyroid gland -> increase PTH -> Ca2+
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11
Q

How does a Neural stimuli cause hormone release?

A
  • Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
  • Ex. Innervates adrenal gland -> release NE & E
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12
Q

How does a Hormonal stimuli cause hormone release?

A
  • Release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs
  • Tropic hormone - hormone that alter the secretion of other hormone(s)
  • Ex. Hormones from pituitary -> stimulate hormone release from thyroid, adrenal & gonad
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13
Q

What are Eicosanoids?

A
  • short-lived (secs to mins) biologically active lipids w/ autocrine & paracrine activity
  • not a true hormone
    Ex. leukotrienes & prostaglandins
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14
Q

What are 2 amino acid based hormone mechanisms

A
  • cAMP second messenger
  • PIP2 mechanism
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14
Q

What are the Eicosanoid precursors and Pathways?

A
  • membrane phospholipids -> Phospholipase A2 converts it to -> arachidonic acid -> Cox (prostaglandins) & Lox (leukotrienes)
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15
Q

What is the steroid hormone mechanism?

A
  • steroid hormone binds receptor-chaperone complex -> release chaperones -> steroid-hormone complex binds chromatin -> gene transcription & translation
  • act on multiple gene targets NOT just 1 gene
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16
Q

T or F: All steroid hormones have to act through gene expression

A
  • FALSE
  • Ex. estrogen receptor -> leads to generalized transdution kinda like G-protein coupled receptors
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17
Q

What is Herceptin

A
  • antibody treatment of women w/ HER2+ metastatic breast cancer
  • bind HER2 receptors -> decrease signalling
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18
Q

What is the Pituitary gland?

A
  • neurohypophysis - posterior lobe (neural tissue), release hormones from the hypothalamus
  • adenhypophysis - anterior lobe (glandular tissue), synthesizes & secretes a number of hormones
19
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the Adenohypophysis

A
  • tropic hormones - TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH
  • other - Prolactin, B-lipotropin, Melanoyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
20
Q

What is GH?

A
  • growth hormone
  • anabolic - tissue building
  • acts on liver, bone & skeletal muscle
  • mediated by somatotropins (IGFs)
21
Q

What is TSH?

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • stimulated thyroid to release thyroid hormones (T4 & T3)
22
Q

What is ACTH?

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • internal & external stressors (fever, hyperglycemia & stressors) trigger release of CRH -> release of ACTH -> cortisol, NE & E
23
Q

What are gonadotropins?

A
  • LH & FSH
  • regulate function of ovaries & testes
  • FSH - stimulates gamete production
  • LH - promotes testosterone & estrogen & progesterone production
24
Q

What is prolactin?

A
  • stimulated milk production by the breasts
  • triggered by PRH & inhibited by PIH (dopamine)
  • suckling stimulated PRH release
25
Q

What hormones are released by Neurohypophysis?

A
  • oxytocin & ADH
26
Q

What is oxytocin?

A
  • regulated by positive feedback mechanism
  • increased intensity of uterine contractions during birth, milk letdown, sexual arousal & satisfaction
27
Q

What is ADH?

A
  • plasma osmolarity monitored by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus triggers release
  • high solutes -> ADH released -> preserving water
  • large decreases in blood volume/pressure can trigger release
28
Q

What is the Thyroid Gland?

A
  • 2 lateral lobes connected by the isthmus
  • follicle cells - produce thyroglobulin (precursor to thyroid hormone)
  • colloid - fill lumen of follicles
29
Q

What does Thyroid Hormone work on?

A
  • USTAT
  • uterus, spleen, testis, adult brain, thyroid gland
30
Q

What is the more active form of Thyroid Hormone?

A
  • T3 - 2 tyrosine + 3 iodine
31
Q

What are the steps in the synthesis of TH?

A
  1. thyroglobulin synthesized & discharged into follicle lumen
  2. iodide is trapped
  3. iodide is oxidized to iodine
  4. iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid
  5. iodinated tyrosines are linked together to form T3 & T4
  6. thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed & combined w/ a lysosome
  7. lysosomal enzymes cleave T4 & T3 from thyroglobulin colloid & hormones diffuse into bloodstream
32
Q

What is Calcitonin?

A
  • produced by the parafollicular cells or C-cells
  • calcitonin lower blood Ca2+
  • inhibits osteoclast activity
  • stimulates Ca2+ incorporation into bone matrix
33
Q

What is Parathyroid hormone?

A
  • PTH regulates Ca2+ in blood
  • counteracts calcitonin
  • increases ca2+ - stimulates osteoclasts, enhances reabsorption of Ca 2+ & secretion of phosphate by kidneys
  • promotes vitamin D activation to calcitriol which increases Ca 2+ absorption of the intestine
  • rising Ca2+ in blood inhibits PTH release
34
Q

What are the adrenal glands & what hormones do they release?

A
  • paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop the kidneys
  • adrenal medulla - part of SNS -> NE & E release
  • adrenal cortex - releases steroid hormones called corticosteroids
35
Q

What hormones do the different layers of the adrenal cortex release?

A
  • zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • zona reticularis - gonadocorticoids (androgens)
36
Q

What 4 things regulate Aldosterone?

A
  1. renin-angiotensin mechanism
  2. increased plasma K+ (Na+)
  3. ACTH
  4. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - negative regulator
37
Q

What is Aldosterone?

A
  • mineralocorticoid
  • maintains Na+ by reducing excretion of Na+ from body
  • stimulates reabsorption of Na+ by kidneys
38
Q

What is cortisol?

A
  • help resist the body resist stress
  • keeps blood sugar constant & maintains blood volume
  • provokes - glucogenesis (formation of glucose) & rises in blood glucose, fatty acids & AAs
39
Q

What is Testosterone?

A
  • gonadotropin -> androgen
  • contributes to onset of puberty, appearance of secondary sex characteristics, sex drive in females
40
Q

Short term stress response & adrenal medulla

A
  • release of catecholamines ( epinephrine & norepinephrine)
  • increased heart rate
  • increased blood pressure
  • glycogen -> glucose
  • dilation of bronchioles
  • changes blood flow - decreased digestive system & reduced urine output
  • increased metabolic rate
41
Q

Long term stress response & adrenal cortex

A
  • release ACTH -> adrenal cortex -> mineralcorticoids & glucocorticoids
  • retention of Na+ & water by kidneys & increased blood volume & pressure
  • proteins & fats converted to glucose, increased blood glucose, suppression of immune system
42
Q

What hormones are produced by the pancreas

A
  • insulin - decreases blood sugar
  • glucagon - increases blood sugar
43
Q

What hormone does the Pineal gland produce?

A
  • melatonin
44
Q

What hormones are produced by the Thymus?

A
  • thymopoietin & thymosins

PHARM 110 (12 decks)

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