5. Intro to Antibacterial Agents Flashcards
Bacilli, cocci, rods
size and shape of bacteria
organism dies
bactericidal
organism dies
bactericidal
organism’s growth inhibited
bacteriostatic
type of drug exerting effect on multiple species of organisms
narrow spectrum
type of drug primarily effective on gram + organisms but also effective on gram -
extended spectrum
type of drug covering gram + and -
broad spectrum
treatment in absence of infection
prophylactic
treatment of high risk patients that are infected but asymptomatic
pre-emptive
treatment of symptomatic patient with or without further testing or confirmation of the organism
empirical therapy
treatment once the pathogenic organism has been identified and appropriate drug identified
definitive
low dose therapy used as secondary prophylaxis
suppressive therapy
reduced drug entry into the organism, specific gene mutation changing membrane change
daptomycin
resistance by efflux pump
tetracycline
resistance by alteration in rdxA gene which changes enzymes activating the prodrug
metronidazole
aminoglycoside modifying enzymes chemically modify it altering binding to target
aminoglycosides/streptomycin
expression of B-lactamase hydrolyzing lactam ring
penicillins
expression of drug-insensitive enzymes impairing binding to initial target
trimethoprim and sulfonamide
substitution of the peptidoglycan stem developing new or different pathway drug cannot affect
vancomycin
reduce dose of agents eliminated by the kidney, risk of drug accumulation
renal disease
reduce dose or avoid agents that are metabolized and eliminated by the liver
hepatic disease
all antibiotics cross the placenta so consider teratogenesis when selecting therapeutic agents
pregnancy
may cause toxicity in the infant via breast milk
lactation
higher doses and longer treatment regiments will likely be needed for immunocompromised patients
immunocompromised patients
geriatric patients and infants may have decreased renal function and underdeveloped detoxification mechanisms respectively
age
