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ClinSci IV > 11. Anatomy/Physiology of the Eye/Ocular Exam > Flashcards

11. Anatomy/Physiology of the Eye/Ocular Exam Flashcards

1
Q

orbicularis oculi innervation

A

CN VII

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2
Q

levator palpebrae innervation

A

CN III

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3
Q

muller’s muscle innervation

A

sympathetic

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4
Q

ciliary body, posterior chamber, anterior chamber, cornea, pupil, iris, zonules, sclera, lens, vitreous body, optic disc, retina, fovea centralis, central retinal artery, central retinal vein, optic nerve

A

anatomical structures of the eye

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5
Q

epithelium, bowman’s membrane, stroma, descemet’s membrane, endothelium

A

anatomy of the cornea

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6
Q

minor arterial circle of the iris, major arterial circle of the iris, anterior ciliary artery, long posterior ciliary artery, vorticose vein, short posterior ciliary artery

A

vascular supply to the uveal tract

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7
Q

ciliary body, zonular fibrils, anterior chamber, trabecular meshwork

A

relevant anatomy for drainage of aqueous humor

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8
Q

red reflex

A
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9
Q

scotoma, hemianopia, homonymous

A

visual field defects

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10
Q

reduced or absent vision

A

scotoma

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11
Q

loss of half of visual field

A

hemnianopia

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12
Q

either a right or left sided visual defect

A

homonymous

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13
Q

lesion anterior to optic chiasm

A

monocular loss

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14
Q

lesion at the optic chiasm

A

bitemporal hemniaopia

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15
Q

lesion posterior to chiasm

A

homonymous hemianopia

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16
Q

unilateral field loss

A

left or right optic nerve compression

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17
Q

chiasmal compression from pituitary tumor

A

bitemporal hemianopia

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18
Q

left cerebrovascular event

A

homonymous hemianopia

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19
Q

optic nerve swelling

A

papilledema

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20
Q

rhodopsin, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic glucose metabolism, hexose monophosphate shunt, sorbitol pathway, galactosemia-dulcitol

A

biochemical pathways used by the eye

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21
Q

metabolism directed towards maintaining transparency of the lens epithelium, glucose enters the lens from the aqueous humor and is rapidly metabolized, hyperglycemia shunts glucose to the sorbitol pathway causing lens edema and acute refractive error changes such as blurred vision which may take 4-6 weeks to equilibrate after stabilization of blood sugars, chronically can lead to cell rupture and early cataract development in diabetics

A

lens metabolism

22
Q

cornea and lens, cornea is 2/3 of refractive power, lens is 1/3 of refractive power

A

refractive surface of the eye

23
Q

refractive power of the cornea and lens being different in one meridian versus the other

A

astigmatism

24
Q

ability of the ciliary muscle to contract or relax the zonules allowing lens to focus at near objects

A

accommodation

25
Q

farsighted, axial length too short

A

hyperopia

26
Q

nearsighted, axial length too long

A

myopia

27
Q

distorted vision

A

astigmatism

28
Q

decreased ability to focus at near objects with age, cannot be corrected with refractive surgery

A

presbyopia

29
Q

good and equal vision in both eyes, monocular or binocular, central or peripheral, acute or gradual, variation throughout the day, pain, metamorphopsia, diplopia both monocular and binocular

A

history of ocular chief complaints

30
Q

diabetes mellitus, hypertension, thyroid disease, autoimmune disease like collagen vascular or inflammatory bowel disease, glaucoma, malignancy

A

past medical history for ocular complaints

31
Q

trauma, refractive surgery, cataract surgery

A

past surgical history for ocular complaints

32
Q

employment, living situation, activities/hobbies, smoking, alcohol, illicit drugs, spectacles/contact lenses, last ocular exam

A

social history for ocular complaints

33
Q

retinoblastoma, amblyopia, strabismus, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetes, hypertension, color blindness, retinitis pigmentosa

A

family history for ocular complaints

34
Q

disturbances of vision, pain or discomfort in or about the eyes, abnormal eye secretions

A

review of systems for ocular complaints

35
Q

blurred or decreased vision, loss of vision either monocular/binocular/amaurosis, color vision abnormalities, decreased peripheral vision, iridescent vision like halos or rainbows

A

disturbances in vision

36
Q

lacrimation, epiphora -overflow tearing-. purulent/mucous/serous exudate

A

abnormal eye secretions

37
Q

superficial foreign body sensation, deep pain in iritis/glaucoma, burning, itching generally pointing to allergy, photophobia generally pointing to iritis, headaches

A

pain or discomfort with ocular complaints

38
Q

best corrected visual acuity problem

A

monocular vision`

39
Q

about 1 meter apart, monocular, test from peripheral to central, gross visual field testing, formal testing is available

A

confrontation visual fields

40
Q

orbit, eyebrows for thinning in hypothyroidism, eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal gland, lymph nodes, proptosis/exopthlamos

A

external exam for eye

41
Q

patient looks down, grasp upper lashes & lid, cotton tipped applicated placed in lid crease, pull lid up over applicator, examine for foreign bodies

A

upper lip eversion

42
Q

direct, consensual not performed instead swinging flashlight, swinging flashlight/afferent reflex

A

pupillary testing

43
Q

direct examination including size, equal, anisocoria, round, central, reactivity to light, rapid swinging flashlight test, light-near association

A

pupil exam

44
Q

important if patient is complaining of diplopia, check cardinal positions of gaze, check for diplopia monocular/binocular, paresis/palsy, nystagmus

A

extraocular muscle testing

45
Q

corneal sensitivity, cranial nerve 5, inspect for epithelial defects, such as ulcer/abrasion, active/old opacifications, peripheral changes like arcus corneae

A

cornea exam

46
Q

is able to detect epithelial defects, flouresces with cobalt blue filter, use strips to avoid contamination, remove soft contact lenses first

A

fluorescein staining of the corne

47
Q

corneal abrasion

A
48
Q

assessed by side penlight test

A

anterior chamber assessing depth

49
Q

red reflex, optic nerve cup/disc/blurriness, retinal circulation including the artery/vein/av crossing, retinal background, and macula

A

opthalmoscopy

50
Q

normal 10 10-21 mmHg anesthetize cornea with proparacaine, separate lids without pressure, schiotz tonometer is lowered on cornea/record the scale reading and convert to IOP, tonopen can be connected to an electric device and is less cumbersome, pneumotonmetry is an air puff, icare, goldman is the current gold standard

A

tonometry

51
Q

psychiatric, functional, drugs/toxins, vasculaer, infectious, traumatic, autoimmune/allergy, metabolic, endocrine, idiopathic/iatrogenic, neoplastic, congenital

A

categories of systemic diseases necessary for ophthalmic examination

ClinSci IV (43 decks)

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