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A2 Biology > 5 - ICH - Respiration > Flashcards

5 - ICH - Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Define respiration

A

The breakdown of organic respiratory substrates to release some of their chemical energy

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2
Q

Define and give an example of each:

  1. Aerobic respiration
  2. Anaerobic respiration
  3. Obgligate anaerobes
  4. Facultative anaerobes
A
  1. Respiration in the presence of oxygen
  2. Respiration in the absence of oxygen
  3. Orgamisims which can only respire anaerobically e.g. Denitrifying bacteria
  4. Organisms that respire aeroibcally if oxygen is available and anaerobically if oxygen is unavailable e.g. humans and yeast
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3
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can not be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another

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4
Q

What is the universal energy currency?

Structure?

A

ATP

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5
Q

What is the unit for energy?

A

Joule (J) but most of the time it’s in kilojoule (KJ)

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6
Q

Name 7 processes that require ATP?

A
  • Active transport
  • Bulk transport (exocytosis/endocytosis)
  • Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones
  • DNA replication
  • Organelle synthesis
  • Movement of whole cells and of organelles and molecules within cells
  • Maintenance of body temperature (endotherms)
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7
Q

What is ATP?

A

It is the energy currency for cells. It can be regarded as a temporary energy store and a means of transferring energy.

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8
Q

What reaction does ATP undergo to release energy?

A

ATP is hydrolysed to produce ADP + Pi

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9
Q
  1. What is the approximate amount of energy released per ATP molecule?
  2. Why is this a sufficient amount?
A
  1. Approx 30.6KJ energy released per molecule of ATP.
  2. Human body only contains around 5g of ATP at any given time. It’s constantly being cycled and replaced.
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10
Q

Where does it occur?

  1. Aerobic respiration
  2. Anaerobic respiration
A

Aerobic respiration = Matrix of the mitochondria

Anaerobic respiration = Cytoplasm

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11
Q

Define:

Anabolic reactions

Catabolic reactions

Metabolism

A

Anabolic reactions = Build up chemical reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to form larger ones. Requires energy that is usually provided by ATP.

Catabolic reactions = Breakdown chemical reactions in which larger moelcues are broken down to form smaller ones and release enrgy which can be used to synthsise ATP.

Metabolism = All the chemical reactions occuring in a cell or a organism.

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12
Q

Give 2 reasons why ATP is useful as an intermediate source of energy?

A
  1. Breakdown of ATP is a single step reaction making energy instantly available.
  2. Breakdown of ATP releases a small amount of energy ideal for powering an anabolic reaction without the release of learge amounts of surplus energy (heat)
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13
Q

Define the 3 ways to synthesise ATP.

What enzyme is used to calatyse these reactions?

A

Photophosphorylation = Takes place in the light dependant reaction of photosynthesis.

Oxidative phosphorylation = Take splace on the inner mitochondrial membranes during the process of electron trasport.

Substrate-level phosphorylation = Occurs when ATP is made directly without the involevement of oxidative phosphorylation.

Enzyme = ATP synthase otherwise known as ATPase

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14
Q

What reactions of respiration occur in the mitochondria?

A

Link reaction, krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

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15
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria

A

Inner folded membrane (crista) = Contains proteins attaches that are involved in the electron transport chain. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs here. Folding provides max SA for molecules involved in the electron carrier system and ATP synthase.

Intermembranal space = Fluid-filled/ lies between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. Hydrogen ions/protons are pumps into this space and a proton gradient is set up.

Stalked particles = Provides a channel for the return of hydrogen ions/protons into the matrix and contains enzymes involved with ATP synthesis e.g. ATP synthase and therfore is responsible for poducing ATP by chemiosmosis.

Matrix = Contains enzymes involved in the link reaction and krebs cycle. This is where those processes occur.

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16
Q

Apart from enzymes for the link reaction and krebs cycle what else does the matrix contain? (3)

A
  • Circle fo DNA
  • 70s ribosomes
  • Phosphate granules (for ATP synthesis)
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17
Q

Describe the Endosymbiont theory of mitochondria origin

A
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18
Q

Where in the body do you find lots of mitochondria?

What is particular about the mitchondria in such cells?

A

Mitochondria occur in their greaest numbers in cells that are very metabolically active: Liver and muscle cells

Mitochondria in these cells have more densely packed cristae to increase the SA for attachment of the proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation.

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19
Q

Name the 3 coenzymes that are involved in respiration?

A

NAD

FAD

coenzyme A

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20
Q

Name and state the purpose of the enzyme sinvolved in repiration (5)

A

Hydrolase = Catalyses a hydrolysis reaction

Dehydrogenase = Catalyses the removal of hydrogen

Isomerase = Catalyses te conversion of one isomer of a compound to another

Decarboxylase = Catalyses the removal of CO2

ATP synthase = Involved in ATP synthesis from ADP + Pi

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21
Q

Give the equations for:

Aerobic respiration of glucose

Anaerobic repiration of glucose in animals

Anaerobic respiration of glucose in plants/ yeast

What is thr ATP production difference? Why is this?

A

For Aerobic respiration of glucose the theoretical value is 38ATP per molecule of glucose.

In reality it’s more like 30-32ATP because there’s some proton leakage.

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22
Q

What is another name given to the anaerobic respiration of yeast?

What are it’s uses? (2)

A

Fermentation

Used comercially for making alcoholic drinks and in baking where the CO2 makes the bread rise.

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23
Q

What is the simple equation for respiration?

Why is this equation misleading? (3)

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ Energy)

  • Glucose may not be the only respiratory substrate.
  • Equation shows O2 being used (areobic respiration) but respiration will continue to occur in the absence of oxgen by anaerobic respiration.
  • Respiration involves a series of reactions
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24
Q

Describe an overview for cellular respiration

A
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25
Q

GLYCOLYSIS

  1. Where does it occur in the cell?
  2. Products of Glycolysis (3)
  3. Decribe what happens during glycolysis (7) - Include the products formed, enzymes used and fate of the ATP
A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. 2 Pyruvate/ Pyruvic acid (3C), net gain of 2 ATP, 2NADH
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26
Q

Draw the simple diagram of GLYCOLYSIS

A
27
Q

What is the name given to the series of reactions in glycolysis?

A

Metabolic pathway

28
Q

What type of phosphorylation is GLYCOLYSIS?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

29
Q

Why do you need to activate glucose by phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A

Glucose contains a lot of chemical potential energy but must be first made more reactive by the addition of 2 x Pi.

The 2 x Pi come from hydrolysis of 2 x ATP molecules.

30
Q

Why is pyruvate and puruvic acid the same thing?

A

The -COOH functional group dissociates in solution. It doesn’t matter which one you sue.

-COOH ⇔ COO- + H+

31
Q

What are the 4 things needed in order for glycolysis to continue?

A

Glucose

ADP

Pi

Oxidised NAD/ NAD+

32
Q

What happens after glycolysis?

A

The Link reaction

33
Q

what is the purpose of the link reaction?

A

To produce a compound called Acetyl coenzyme A which feeds into the krebs cycle

34
Q

Describe what happens in the link reaction (3)

A
  1. Each pyruvate molecule loses a molecule of CO2 (decarboxylation). Forms a 2C fragment called acetate.
  2. A pair of hydrogen atoms are removed from each pyruvate (dehydrogenation). Hydrogen atoms picked up by NAD to form NADH.
  3. 2C acetate group combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to produce Acetyl coenzyme A. This then feeds the acetyl group (acetate) into the next step: krebs cycle.
35
Q

What are the products at the end of the link reaction?

A

2 x Acetyl coenzyme A

2 x NADH

2x CO2 (released as a waste product)

36
Q

What reaction occurs after the link reaction?

A

Krebs cycle

37
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur in the cell?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

38
Q

What the the krebs cycle?

A

It involves a series of enzyme controlled reactions that occur in the matrix of the mitochrondia to produce ATP

39
Q

What is fed into the krebs cycle?

A

1 molecule of Acetate per cycle but there’s 2 per molecule of glucose

40
Q

Describe the sequence of events that occur in the krebs cycle

A
  1. 2 x Acetate + 4C compound (oxaloacetate) → 2 x Citrate (6C)
  2. 2 x Citrate converted into 2 x 6C acids
  3. 2CO2 released (decarboxylase) and 2NAD+ + 2H → 2NADH (dehydrogenase). 2 x 5C acids are formed.
  4. 2NADH is made (dehydrogenase), 2CO2 lost (decarboxylase), 2ATP is made. 2 x 4C acids are formed.
  5. Forms 2 x Oxaloacetate. 2NADH is made and 2FADH is made.
41
Q
A
42
Q

Another name for the krebs cycle?

A

TCA (Tricarboxylic acid) cycle

43
Q

What has happened to the original glucose molecule at the end of the krebs cycle?

A

6C has been released as CO2

Hydrogen transferred to 10NADH and 2FADH

4ATP produced

44
Q

For every molecule of acetate that enters the krebs cycle what products are formed?

A

1 x ATP

2 x CO2

3 x NADH

1 x FADH

45
Q

Define coennzyme

A

Non-protein molecules which are needed for a protein to work

46
Q

Fill in the table

A
47
Q

What process occurs after the krebs cycle?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

48
Q

What is the purpose of oxidative phosphorylation? (4)

A
  • As a result of the krebs cycle, the 2C product from the link reaction Acetyl coenzyme A is broken down to yield CO2 + pairs of H atoms.
  • CO2 is removed by gaseous exchange
  • the electrons of the H atoms contain potential energy. This energy is converted into ATP due to oxidative phosphorylation in a electron transport system.
  • H atoms released in glycolysis and link reaction ca also become involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
49
Q

Describe the sequence of events that take place during oxidative phosphorylation? (11)

A
50
Q

What are the outcomes of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP is made

Oxygen is reduced to form water

51
Q

How many molecules of ATP is produced from the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration?

A
52
Q

What is the purpose of the oxygen in aerobic respiration?

A

At the end of oxidative phosphorylation the electrons and protons from NADH nad FADH must be eliminated.

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and is reduced by the electrons to form water.

53
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in reference to the steps in aerobic respiration?

A

It’s glycolysis with a bit added onto the end

54
Q

What is the purpose of anaerobic respiration?

A

To regenerate NAD to allow glycolysis to continue

55
Q

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Describe what happens in animals

A
56
Q

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Describe what happens in plants/fungi

A
57
Q

Net yield of ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION in:

  1. Animal cells
  2. Plant and fungal cells
A
  1. 2Lactatic acid + 2ATP
  2. 2Ethanol + 2CO2 + 2ATP
58
Q

What are the other respiratory substrates?

A
59
Q

What is Respiratory quotient?

Equation?

A

Used to investigate the repiratory substrate (s) of an organism by comparing the volume of CO2 produced with the volume of O2 used.

60
Q

What are the respiratory quotients of the 3 common respiratory substrates?

A
61
Q

What is a organism has a RQ value above 1.0?

A

This often indicates that anaerobic respiration is taking place

62
Q

When wanting to use the RQ value to investigate the respiratory substrate of an organism how do you measure the values needed? (13)

A

Use a respirometer:

CAUTION: KOH pellets are caustic. Wear goggles and pellets must be handled using forceps. don’t let them come into contact with skin.

  1. Remove bungs and tubes and carfeully lay horizontally of the bench to ensure liquid stays in place.
  2. Remove wire cage with forceps.
  3. Place 15 maggots in the tube.
  4. Replace cage.
  5. Use forceps to place 20 KOH beads in the cage.
  6. Loosed the screw clip and place the bung.
  7. Tighten screw clip and leave apparatus for 2 mins.
  8. Mark on tube the position of the right end og the liquid.
  9. Start stop watch.
  10. after 5 mins measure in mm the distance travelled by liquid (if less than 20mm leave for another 5 mins before taking the measurement).
  11. Loosen clip, remove bung, laying tube horizontally on the desk.
  12. Remove KOH pellets and replace with 20 inert beads.
  13. Repease steps 6-12, reoving beads at step 12. Measurements must be taken over the same time interval.
63
Q

When using a respirometer:

  1. What do the NaOH or KOH pellets do?
  2. Which direction will the liquid move?
  3. By measuring the distance moved, what does this give a measure of?
A
  1. Absorbs any CO2 produced
  2. Left because CO2 doesn’t affect the liquid bubble at all
  3. The volume of O2 used

A2 Biology (26 decks)

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