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Biology > 5. Homeostasis and Response (human endocrine system and control of blood glucose concentration) > Flashcards

5. Homeostasis and Response (human endocrine system and control of blood glucose concentration) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two communication systems that the human body has?

A

the nervous system and the endocrine system

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

It sends hormones around the body

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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers

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4
Q

What happens when hormones reach a target tissue?

A

they produce a response

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5
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

glands

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6
Q

What do glands do?

A

they secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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7
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as?

A

the master gland

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8
Q

Why is the pituitary gland also known as the master gland?

A

because it controls the functions of many other endocrine glands

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9
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?

A
  • secretes human growth hormone
  • stimulates the thyroid gland
  • stimulates ovulation and the production of oestrogen in the ovaries
  • stimulates the production of sperm and testosterone in the testes
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10
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

It secretes insulin

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11
Q

What does insulin do?

A

controls blood glucose levels

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12
Q

What does the thyroid do?

A

secretes thyroxine

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13
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

A hormone that controls the body’s metabolic rate, growth and development

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14
Q

What is the release of thyroxine from the thyroid triggered by?

A

Its release is triggered by the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

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15
Q

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

secretes adrenaline

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16
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in times of stress. It is responsible for the ‘fight or flight’ response

17
Q

What is the ‘fight or flight’ response?

A

the body’s response to stressful situations

18
Q

What does the ovary do?

A

secretes oestrogen

19
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

it is involved in the menstrual cycle and the development of female secondary sexual characteristics

20
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

different features that develop during puberty that distinguish a female from a male

21
Q

What do the testes do?

A

secretes testosterone

22
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

it is involved in the production of sperm and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics

23
Q

What transports a hormone to a target organ or tissue, where it has an effect?

A

the blood

24
Q

What is slower, the nervous system or the endocrine system?

A

the endocrine system is much slower but the effects last for longer

25
Q

How does the pancreas respond when blood glucose levels are too high?

A
  • The pancreas secretes the hormone insulin
  • insulin binds to the receptors on the liver and muscles
  • causing excess glucose to be converted into glycogen and stored
26
Q

How does the pancreas respond when blood glucose levels are too low?

A
  • The pancreas secretes the hormone glucagon
  • glucagon binds to liver cells, causing glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood
27
Q

How is blood glucose concentration controlled using a negative feedback loop?

A
  • when the blood glucose concentration rises or falls below the optimum, a hormone is secreted by the pancreas
  • the action of either hormone (insulin or glucagon) helps bring back the concentration of glucose to the correct level
28
Q

Which organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration?

A

the pancreas

29
Q

What does eating foods rich in carbohydrates do?

A

it increases the glucose levels in the blood

30
Q

Why does the concentration of glucose in the blood need to be kept at a certain limit?

A

because glucose is needed by cells for respiration

31
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback is a type of control where the body responds to an increase or decrease in a factor by returning it to the optimal level

32
Q

How is the release of thyroxine controlled by negative feedback?

A
  • levels of blood thyroxine falls which are detected by the receptors in the brain
  • the pituitary gland releases more TSH
  • more thyroxine produced and released by the thyroid gland
  • blood thyroxine levels return to normal
33
Q

What does TSH stand for?

A

thyroid stimulating gland

34
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A
  • increase in heart and breathing rate - delivers oxygen and glucose to the body
  • stored glycogen converted to glucose
  • dilation of pupils
  • increased mental awareness
  • blood diverted away from digestive system to muscles

Biology (48 decks)

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