2. Organisation (cell organisation and enzymes) Flashcards
What do cells make up and are cells organised in multicellular organisms ?
- cells in multicellular organisms are organised
- cells make up tissues, organs and organ systems.
What are cells?
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms
What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of similiar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
What is an organism?
An organism is different organ systems working together to create an organism
What is an organ system?
An organ system is a group of organs working together to perform a particular function
What is an organ?
An organ is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function.
Why can single celled organisms absorb things much quicker compared to humans?
- Single celled organisms have short diffusion pathways so absorb nutrients via diffusion faster.
- Humans have many layers so it would take a lot of time for us to get the energy.
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction without being used up or being changed
What do enzymes do and what are they?
- enzymes are also small proteins
- they break down large molecules to small molecules to increase the surface area for easier absorption
What is starch?
long branched chains of glucose
What is cellulose?
long straight chains of glucose
What are carbohydrates?
long chains of sugar molecules
what is a polymer?
a long chain of many repeated units
What are the different types of carbohydrates?
- sugar
- starch
- cellulose
What monomer makes up protein?
amino acids
What is a monomer?
a single unit that make up polymers
How is starch broken down by carbohydrase?
- Starch is first broken down into maltose (2 glucose molecules) by amalyse.
- This is still too large to be absorbed into the blood so it’s further broken down by maltase into glucose molecules
where are carbohydrase enzymes found?
- the salivary glands
- the pancreas
- the small intestine
What are carbohydrases?
the enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugar, eg. amalyse and maltase
How are proteins broken down?
- they are first broken down into peptides by proteases
- this is then further broken down by peptidases (found in the small intestine) into amino acids
- these are then absorbed into the blood
What enzyme breaks down protein?
protease enzymes (pepsin)
What do protease enzymes break protein down into?
Amino acids
What must happen before fats and oils can be broken down?
They must be emulsified by bile and then neutralised
Where is the bile produced?
In the liver
