2. Organisation (cell organisation and enzymes)

Question 1

What do cells make up and are cells organised in multicellular organisms ?

Answer 1

• cells in multicellular organisms are organised
• cells make up tissues, organs and organ systems.

Question 2

What are cells?

Answer 2

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms

Question 3

What is a tissue?

Answer 3

A tissue is a group of similiar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

Question 4

What is an organism?

Answer 4

An organism is different organ systems working together to create an organism

Question 5

What is an organ system?

Answer 5

An organ system is a group of organs working together to perform a particular function

Question 6

What is an organ?

Answer 6

An organ is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function.

Question 7

Why can single celled organisms absorb things much quicker compared to humans?

Answer 7

• Single celled organisms have short diffusion pathways so absorb nutrients via diffusion faster.
• Humans have many layers so it would take a lot of time for us to get the energy.

Question 8

What are enzymes?

Answer 8

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction without being used up or being changed

Question 9

What do enzymes do and what are they?

Answer 9

• enzymes are also small proteins
• they break down large molecules to small molecules to increase the surface area for easier absorption

Question 10

What is starch?

Answer 10

long branched chains of glucose

Question 11

What is cellulose?

Answer 11

long straight chains of glucose

Question 12

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 12

long chains of sugar molecules

Question 13

what is a polymer?

Answer 13

a long chain of many repeated units

Question 14

What are the different types of carbohydrates?

Answer 14

• sugar
• starch
• cellulose

Question 15

What monomer makes up protein?

Answer 15

amino acids

Question 16

What is a monomer?

Answer 16

a single unit that make up polymers

Question 17

How is starch broken down by carbohydrase?

Answer 17

• Starch is first broken down into maltose (2 glucose molecules) by amalyse.
• This is still too large to be absorbed into the blood so it’s further broken down by maltase into glucose molecules

Question 18

where are carbohydrase enzymes found?

Answer 18

• the salivary glands
• the pancreas
• the small intestine

Question 19

What are carbohydrases?

Answer 19

the enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugar, eg. amalyse and maltase

Question 20

How are proteins broken down?

Answer 20

• they are first broken down into peptides by proteases
• this is then further broken down by peptidases (found in the small intestine) into amino acids
• these are then absorbed into the blood

Question 21

What enzyme breaks down protein?

Answer 21

protease enzymes (pepsin)

Question 22

What do protease enzymes break protein down into?

Answer 22

Amino acids

Question 23

What must happen before fats and oils can be broken down?

Answer 23

They must be emulsified by bile and then neutralised

Question 24

Where is the bile produced?

Answer 24

In the liver

Question 25

Where is bile stored?

Answer 25

In the gall bladder

Question 26

What neutralises the food and why?

Answer 26

• Bile neutralises the hydrochloric acid that is on the food
• this makes conditions in the small intestine alkaline, which is the best pH for enzymes in the small intestine

Question 27

What is the best pH for enzymes in the small intestine?

Answer 27

Alkaline

Question 28

What happens during the emulsification of lipids?

Answer 28

• the lipids are broken down into tiny fat droplets
• which increases the surface area for lipase enzymes to digest

Question 29

What do lipase enzymes break down lipids into?

Answer 29

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 30

What is glycerol?

Answer 30

A type of sugar

Question 31

How does the neutralisation of food with bile work?

Answer 31

1. Bile is released from the gall bladder
2. Bile emulsifies the fat globule, into tiny lipid droplets to increase the surface area for lipase enzymes to act on
3. Bile is alkaline so neutralises the hydrochloric acid on the food and makes conditions alkaline for the lipase enzymes in the small intestine

Question 32

Where are lipase enzymes found?

Answer 32

• The small intestine
• The pancreas

Question 33

Give an example of a single celled organism?

Answer 33

amoeba