2. Organisation (non-communicable diseases)

Question 1

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 1

Diseases which cannot pass from one individual to another

Question 2

What are risk factors?

Answer 2

Something that increases your likelihood of developing a disease

Question 3

What is smoking a risk factor for?

Answer 3

lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, damaging the cell linings and arteries

Question 4

What is alcohol consumption a risk factor for?

Answer 4

liver disease, damaging the nerve cells in the brain

Question 5

What is high cholestrol a risk factor for?

Answer 5

Coronary heart disease

Question 6

What is high blood pressure a risk factor for?

Answer 6

Kidney disease

Question 7

What are examples of some risk factors for disease?

Answer 7

• obesity
• lack of exercise
• age
• diet high in fats/sugar

Question 8

What is cancer?

Answer 8

Uncontrollable cell division

Question 9

What is a tumour?

Answer 9

A mass of cells

Question 10

What are the different types of tumours?

Answer 10

• Benign tumours
• Malignant tumours

Question 11

What is a benign tumour?

Answer 11

Growths of abnormal cells, which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body

Question 12

What is a Malignant tumour?

Answer 12

A cancerous tumour, they invade neighbouring tissues and may spread to different parts of the body, where they form secondary tumours

Question 13

What are 3 features of a Malignant tumours?

Answer 13

• Maligant tumours invade neighbouring cells
• These tumours split up, releasing small clumps of cells into the bloodstream
• This tumour divides more rapidly, it disrupts normal tissue, if left untreated it can be severly life threatening

Question 14

What are 3 features of Benign tumours?

Answer 14

• They do not invade other parts of the body
• The tumour begins to grow very large, very quickly
• This causes pressure damage to an organ and can be life threatening

Question 15

What are the possible causes of cancer?

Answer 15

• Gentic risk factor for some cancers
• Mutations
• Ionizing radiation(UV light and X-rays)
• Melonomas
• Virus infections

Question 16

What are some genetic cancers?

Answer 16

Breast cancer and Ovarian cancer

Question 17

What are examples of chemicals that can cause mutations?

Answer 17

asbestos and tar, found in tobacco smoke

Question 18

How are mutations a possible cause for cancer?

Answer 18

Most cancers are the result of mutations. Chemicals like asbestos and tar, can cause these mutations, which increases the likelihood of developing tumours, so devloping cancer

Question 19

What are carcinogens?

Answer 19

Cancer-causing agents

Question 20

How can ionizing radiation cause cancer?

Answer 20

UV light and x-rays can interrupt the normal cell cycle, which causes tumours to form

Question 21

What are 2 examples of ionizing radiation?

Answer 21

UV light and X-rays

Question 22

What are Melonomas?

Answer 22

Malignant tumours, which are often caused from exposure to UV radiation

Question 23

When do melonomas appear?

Answer 23

When there is an uncontrolled growth of pigment forming cells in the skin, as a result of UV light from the sun

Question 24

What percentage of human cancers are caused by virus infections?

Answer 24

15%

Question 25

What is an example of virus infections causing cancer?

Answer 25

Cervical cancer is almost always the result of infection by HPV

Question 26

What are the 2 main ways of treating cancer?

Answer 26

Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy

Question 27

What is chemotherapy?

Answer 27

Where chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or to make them ‘self destruct’

Question 28

What is radiotherapy?

Answer 28

• When cancer cells are destroyed by doses of radiation
• This stops mitosis in the cancer cells