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Mechanisms of Disease > 5. Haemostasis & Thrombosis > Flashcards

5. Haemostasis & Thrombosis Flashcards

0
Q

What do vessel walls do in haemostasis?

A

Constrict to stop blood loss

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1
Q

What are the 4 factors that haemostasis depends on?

A

Vessel wall
Platelets
Coagulation system
Fibrinolytic system

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2
Q

What do platelets do in haemostasis?

A

Adhere to damages on vessel wall and to each other to for a platelet plug

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3
Q

What factors does thrombin positively feed back on?

A

V
VIII
XI

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4
Q

What is coagulation inhibited by?

A 
Anti thrombin III
Alpha 1 anti trypsin 
Alpha 2 macroglobulin 
Protein C
Protein S
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5
Q

What is fibrin broken down by?

A

Plasmin

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6
Q

What are “clot busting” drugs?

A

Streptokinase which activates plasminogen

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7
Q

Define thrombosis

A

Formation of a solid mass of blood within the circulatory system during life

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8
Q

What is Virchow’s triad and what are the 3 factors?

A

Virchow’s triad are the three main factors that contribute to thrombosis which are:
Changes in blood flow
Changes in vessel wall
Changes in blood components

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9
Q

Name 4 features of arterial thrombi

A

Pale
Granular
Lines of Zahn
Lower cell content

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10
Q

Name four features of venous thrombi

A

Deep red colour
Soft
Gelatinous
Higher cell content

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11
Q

Name 2 things that can follow an arterial thrombi

A

Ischaemia

Infarction

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12
Q

Name 4 things that can follow a venous thrombi

A

Congestion
Oedema
Ischaemic due to the oedema pressure being greater than arterial pressure
Infarction

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13
Q

What are the 5 main outcomes for a thrombosis?

A 
Lysis
Propagation
Organisation
Canalisation
Embolism
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14
Q

Define embolism

A

Blockage of a blood vessel by a solid, liquid or gas at a site distant from its origin

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15
Q

Name 6 things that can act as an embolism

A 
Thrombi
Air
Nitrogen
Amniotic fluid
Tumour cells
Medical equipment
16
Q

Thromboembolisms from the systemic veins usually become emboli where?

A

Pulmonary system

17
Q

Thromboembolisms from the heart usually embolise where?

A

Via aorta to renal, mesenteric and other arteries

18
Q

An embolism in the carotid artery can lead to which medical condition?

A

Stroke

19
Q

What is a paradoxical embolism?

A

When there is an embolism in the systemic venous system which reaches the systemic arterial system via a patent foramen ovale or ASD

20
Q

An embolism in the abdominal aorta usually ends up where?

A

Arteries of the legs

21
Q

What can a major pulmonary embolism rapidly lead to?

A

Death

22
Q

What can recurrent pulmonary embolisms lead to?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

23
Q

What are two treatments of DVT and how do they work?

A

Heparin - cofactor for anti thrombin III

Warfarin - interferes with synthesis of vit k dependant clotting factors

24
Q

Fat embolisms can be caused by what?

A

Fractures of long bone (yellow marrow contains fat)

Lacerations of adipose tissue

25
Q

What heart malfunction can lead to a cerebral embolism?

A

Atrial fibrillation

Leads to stasis and a thrombus

26
Q

What is an iatrogenic embolism?

A

Caused due to medical treatment

27
Q

How can nitrogen embolisms form and what activity therefore puts people at risk of having them?

A

Nitrogen bubblers form in the blood upon rapid decompression

People who go diving can get this (“the bends”)

28
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation?

A

Pathological response to many diseases where small clots form which use up all the clotting factors
This leads to abnormal bleeding from the skin

29
Q

Haemophilia type A is an x linked disease which affects which factor?

A

Factor VIII

30
Q

Haemophilia type B is an x linked disease that affects which factor?

A

Factor IX

31
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Where platelet count is below reference range

32
Q

What are causes of thrombocytopenia?

A

Failure in production of platelets
Increase in destruction of platelets
Sequestering of platelets

Usually accompanied with leukaemia

Mechanisms of Disease (11 decks)

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