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Mechanisms of Disease > 4. Healing and Repair > Flashcards

4. Healing and Repair Flashcards

0
Q

What do neutrophils and macrophages do in repair?

A

Phagocytose debris

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1
Q

When does fibrosis repair occur?

A

When permanent cells undergo necrosis

When labile/stable cell’s collagen framework is destroyed

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2
Q

What are the chemical mediators in repair?

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages

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3
Q

What do fibroblasts and myofriboblasts do in repair?

A

Produce collagen

Wound contraction

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4
Q

Name an angiogenesis growth factor and what does it do?

A

VEGF
Causes existing vessels to sprout new vessels via endothelial proliferation
(This is exploited in malignant neoplasms)

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5
Q

What does extracellular matrix do?

A 
Supports and anchors cells
Separates tissue compartments
Sequesters growth factors
Allows communication between cells
Facilitates cell migration
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6
Q

What is the mechanism of fibrous repair?

A

Inflammatory cells infiltrate - forms a blood clot + inflammation
Clot is replaced by granulation tissue (capillaries and myofibroblasts)
Collagen increases, myofibroblasts contract and vessels reduce in number leaving a fibrous scar

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7
Q

Define unipotent

A

Can only produce one type of differentiated cell such as epithelial cells

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8
Q

Define multipotent

A

Can produce several types of differentiated cell such as haematopoietic cells

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9
Q

Define totipotent

A

Can become any type of cell such as embryonic stem cells

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10
Q

Define labile cells

A

Rapid proliferation, active cell division

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11
Q

Give an example a of a labile cell

A

Epithelia

Haematopoietic cells

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12
Q

Define stable cells

A

In the resting state, G0

Proliferation speed variable

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13
Q

Give an example of stable cells

A

Hepatocytes
Osteoblasts
Fibroblasts

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14
Q

Define permanent cells

A

Unable to divide or regenerate

Cannot leave G0

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15
Q

Give an example of permanent cells

A

Cardiac myocytes

CNS neurones

16
Q

Define autocrine

A

Cell produces hormones that effect itself

17
Q

Define paracrine

A

Hormones produced effect local tissue

18
Q

Define endocrine

A

Hormones produced travel in the blood to effect tissues elsewhere in the body

19
Q

Name some growth factors

A 
Testosterone
Oestrogen 
GH
PDGH
EGF
20
Q

How does contact affect proliferation?

A

Contact inhibition inhibits proliferation in intact tissue, loss of contact promotes proliferation
This is exploited in cancer

21
Q

How is a clean incised skin wound with apposed edges healed?

A

Primary intention

22
Q

Describe healing by primary intention

A

Minimal clotting or granulation
Epidermis regenerates
Dermis undergoes fibrous repair leaving a scar
Risk of a trapped infection leading to abscess

23
Q

How does a large skin defect heal?

A

Secondary intention

24
Q

Describe healing by secondary intention

A 
Scabs over
Epidermis regenerates from the base up
Produces granulation tissue
Wound contracts to reduce the size of the defect
Leaves a large scar
25
Q

Name local factors impacting healing and repair

A 
Type, size, location
Apposition
Blood supply
Infection
Foreign material
Radiation damage
26
Q

Name general factors impacting healing and repair

A 
Age
Drugs
Dietary deficiencies such as protein
Specific dietary deficiencies such as vitamin c or essential amino acids
Diabetes
Cardiovascular status
27
Q

How does cardiac tissue heal?

A

Fibrosis

28
Q

How does bone heal?

A

Callous formation

29
Q

How does the liver heal acute and chronically?

A

Acute - regenerates

Chronic - fibrosis

30
Q

How do peripheral nerves heal?

A

Distal - Wallerian degeneration

Proximal - degeneration with distal proliferation

31
Q

How does CNS heal?

A

No regeneration but glial cells can proliferate

32
Q

How does smooth muscle heal?

A

Regenerates via dividing

33
Q

How does skeletal muscle heal?

A

Satellite cells fuse with fibres

Mechanisms of Disease (11 decks)

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