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Mechanisms of Disease > 1. Cell Injury > Flashcards

1. Cell Injury Flashcards

0
Q

Define anaemic

A

Decreased ability for Hb to carry O2

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1
Q

Define hypoxaemic

A

Arteriole O2 content is low

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2
Q

Define ischaemic

A

Interruption to blood supply

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3
Q

Define Histiocytic

A

Inability for cells to use oxygen due to disabled oxidative phosphorylation enzymes

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4
Q

Name 5 types of physical agents that can cause cell damage

A 
Direct trauma
Extreme temperature
Changes in pressure
Electrical currents
Radiation
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5
Q

What are 2 features of reversible hypoxic injury?

A

Clumping of chromatin
Blebs
Swelling
Ribosome separation

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6
Q

Name the four classes of enzymes that Ca2+ activates in irreversible hypoxic injury

A

ATPase
Phospholipase
Protease
Endonuclease

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7
Q

Define the point of irreversible hypoxic injury

A

The point where membrane integrity falls leading to a massive influx of Ca2+

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8
Q

Describe the features of irreversible hypoxic injury

A 
Further swelling
Nuclear changes
Rupture of lysosomes
Membrane defects
Myelin figures
Lysis of ER
Amorphous densities in mitochondria
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9
Q

Name the 3 nuclear changes

A

Pyknosis
Karyolysis
Karyohexis

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10
Q

Give 3 reasons why ischaemic tissue repurfusion can cause injury

A

Increase in oxygen free radicals
Increase in the number of neutrophils leading to inflammation
Complement proteins leading to the complement pathway

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11
Q

What molecules in cells do free radicals damage?

A

Lipids in cell membranes
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids

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12
Q

Name 3 free radical molecules

A

H2O2
O2-
OH▪️ (That’s a dot)

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13
Q

What are the names of 3 enzymes in the anti oxidant system?

A

Superoxide dismutase
Catalases
Peroxidases

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14
Q

Name 4 free radical scavengers

A

Vitamins A, C and E

Glutathione

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15
Q

What are heat shock proteins and give an example of one?

A

These recognise incorrectly folded proteins and repair them
Increase in production in response to heat increase
Ubiquitin is an example of these

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16
Q

Define oncosis

A

Swelling of a cell prior to death

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17
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death with shrinkage

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18
Q

Define necrosis

A

The morphological changes that occur in a living organism after a cell has been dead for some time

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19
Q

Give a visible feature of coagulative necrosis

A

Ghost outline

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20
Q

In coagulative necrosis is the process of denaturation greater or the activity of proteases?

A

Process of denaturation is greater hence a solid structure is left intact

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21
Q

Name an organ in which liquifactive necrosis can occur

A

Brain

Lungs

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22
Q

In liquifactive necrosis which has greater activity, the process of enzyme degradation or the process of denaturation?

A

The process of enzyme degradation

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23
Q

Which type of inflammatory cell is known to be able to cause liquifactive necrosis?

A

Neutrophils as they produce proteases

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24
Q

What is a cause of caseous necrosis?

A

TB

25
Q

What is used to detect fat necrosis?

A

X Ray

Naked eye

26
Q

Define gangrene

A

Term used to describe tissue that is visibly undergoing necrosis

27
Q

What are the three types of gangrene?

A

Dry
Wet
Gas

28
Q

What is dry gangrene?

A

Where the necrotic tissue is exposed to air, coagulative

29
Q

What is wet gangrene?

A

Where the necrotic tissue is infected with bacteria making it liquifactive

30
Q

What is gas gangrene?

A

Where the necrotic tissue is infected with anaerobic bacteria which produce visible, palpable bubbles of gas

31
Q

What causes a white infarct?

A

Occlusion of an end artery

32
Q

What causes a red infarct?

A

Extensive haemorrhage into dead tissue

33
Q

In what organs can white infarcts occur in?

A

Heart
Kidneys
Spleen

34
Q

What causes Rhabdomyolysis?

A

Myoglobin being released from dead muscle

35
Q

What can Rhabdomyolysis cause?

A

Blocking of renal tubules leading to renal failure

36
Q

What happens to cell size in oncosis?

A

Swells

37
Q

What happens to the nucleus in apoptosis?

A

Fragmentation into nucleosomes

38
Q

What happens to the cell membrane in apoptosis?

A

Remains intact but with an altered structure

39
Q

What happens to the plasma membrane in oncosis/necrosis?

A

Disrupted, lysis

40
Q

What happens to the cell contents in apoptosis?

A

Remain intact, can be released in bodies

41
Q

What does a cell do with something it cannot metabolise?

A

Accumulates in the cell

42
Q

What is the accumulation of Triacylglycerides often seen in the liver called?

A

Steatosis

43
Q

What happens when phospholipids from disrupted cell membranes accumulate in the cell?

A

Form myelin figures

44
Q

Name two diseases in which proteins accumulate in the cytoplasm of a cell

A

Mallary’s hyaline - damaged protein seen in hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease
Alpha 1 antritrypsin deficiency - the incorrectly folded version produced by the liver stays in the ER - leas to emphysema

45
Q

What are the names of 4 exogenous pigments?

A

Coal
Carbon
Soot
Tattoos

46
Q

Name 3 endogenous pigments

A

Lipofuscin
Haemosiderin
Bilirubin

47
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

Brown/yellow old age pigment - is a sign of free radicals

48
Q

What is haemosiderin?

A

Iron storage molecule

Shows iron overload in bruises

49
Q

What is systemic overload of haemosiderin called?

A

Haemosiderosis

50
Q

What shortens every time a cell divides?

A

Telomeres

51
Q

What 3 types of cells contain telomerase allowing cells to maintain the original length of telomeres?

A

Germ cells
Stem cells
Cancer cells

52
Q

What can fatty liver commonly be caused by?

A

🍺🍸🍾🍺🍸🍾

53
Q

What can fatty liver lead to?

A

Steatosis and hepatomegaly

54
Q

What symptoms may someone with fatty liver experience?

A

No symptoms

55
Q

Is fatty liver reversible?

A

Yes

56
Q

Acute alcoholic hepatitis involves what damage?

A

Hepatocytes necrosis
Formation of Malory bodies
Neutrophil infiltrate

57
Q

Is acute alcoholic hepatitis reversible?

A

Usually

58
Q

What are the features of a liver in cirrhosis?

A

Hard
Shrunken
Micronodules

59
Q

Is cirrhosis reversible?

A

No, can be fatal

Mechanisms of Disease (11 decks)

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