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HL Biology > 5. Evolution and Biodiversity > Flashcards

5. Evolution and Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

5.1 What is evolution?

A

A change over time in heritable characteristics

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2
Q

5.1 Evidence of Evolution

A

Fossils: sequence of fossils
Selective Breeding
Homologous Structure
Similarity of embryos
Analagous Structure (convergent evo.)

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3
Q

5.1 Homologous vs Analogous Structure

A

Homo: Common ancestor, adaptive radiation
Ana: convergent evolution, diff ancestor (crabs)

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4
Q

5.1 What are the types of speciation?

A

Allopatric: Physical seperation
Perpatric: Enters a new niche (isolated)
Parapetric: Enters a new niche (adjacent)
Sympatric: Spontaneous in population

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5
Q

5.2 What are conditions of natural selection

A

Inherited Variation, Competition, Selection, Adaptations, Evolution

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6
Q

5.2 What sources of variation allow for natural selection?

A

1) Mutations
2) Meiosis
3) Sexual Reproduction

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7
Q

5.2 What is differential survival and reproduction?

A

Ind. better adapted tend to survive/reproduce more

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8
Q

5.2 What are selective pressures?

A

anything that can reduce reproductive success

Abiotic:
-climate
-drought
- soil

Biotic:
- competition for mate
- Change in fruiting season
- Competition for nests

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9
Q

5.2 What is the rule of overproduction?

A

While breeeding rates vary, most organisms produce more offspring than environment can support, leads to competition.

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10
Q

5.3 What are the rules of the binomial system of names?

A

Genus species
1) Genus is capatalized
2) Italitcs
3) Can be abbrievated after first use (G.species)

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11
Q

5.3 What is the hierarchy of taxa?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phyllum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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12
Q

5.3 What are the three domains?

A

Eukaryota, Archaea, Eubacteria

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13
Q

5.3 What are the differences between Archaea and Eubacteria

A

Archaea:
- DNA w/ histone-like protiens
- intron DNA
- can live in extreme environments
- walls without peptidoglycan

Eubacteria:
- no histone protiens
- no intron DNA
- cell walls with peptidoglycan

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14
Q

5.3 What is phylogenetic classification?

A

DNA

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15
Q

5.3 What is artifical classification?

A

Grouping selecting characteristices first, not based on evolutionary traits

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16
Q

5.3 What is natural classification?

A

Grouping organisms based on similarities then identifying shared charactersitics

17
Q

5.3 What are the difficulties with natural classifcation?

A

1- Species are fixed, constantly changing
2- species are genetically diverse
3- debate over defingin species (what is most important trait)
4 - convergent evolution

18
Q

5.3 What are the plant phyla

A

There are 12, main ones being
- Bryophyta
- Filicinophyta
- Coniferophyta
- Angiospermophyta

19
Q

5.3 What are Bryophyta?

A
  • No vasuclarasiation (xylem/phloem)
  • no true leaves, root, or stems
  • Reproduce by releasing spores
    ex: moss
20
Q

5.3 What are fillicinophyta

A
  • Has vascularisation
  • Have leavs,roots, and steam (leaves have large fronds with small leaflets)
  • Reproduce via spores

ex: ferns

21
Q

5.3 What are coniferophyta?

A
  • Have vascularisation
  • Leaves roots stems (stems are woody, leaves are needles)
  • Reprodice with seeds in cones

ex: pine trees

22
Q

5.3 What are angiospermophyta?

A
  • have vascularisation
  • Have leaves, roots and stems
  • Reproduce wtih seeds in flowers, may develop in fruits

ex: grass, all flowering plants

23
Q

5.3 Animal Phyla

A

Invertebrate:
- porifera
- cnidaria
- platyhelmintha
- annelida
- mollusca
- athropoda

Vertebrete
- chordata (not all chordata have vertebreas, but all vertebrates are chordata)

24
Q

5.3 What is porifera

A
  • asymmetrical
  • no mouth/anus
  • can have calcium carbonate support

ex: sea sponge

25
Q

5.3 What is cnidaria

A
  • radical symmmetry
  • single cavity
  • may have tenticles

ex: jellyfish, coral

26
Q

5.3 What are platyhelmintha?

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • single entrance
  • flattened shape, may be parasite

ex: tapeworm

27
Q

5.3 What is annelida?

A
  • bilateral
  • mouth and anus
  • ringed segments of body

ex: earthworms

28
Q

5.3 What is mollusca?

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • mouth and anus
  • muscular foot and mantle

ex: snails, octopi, clams

29
Q

5.3 What are arthropoda

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • mouth and anus
  • jointed body segements with exoskeleton (chitin)

ex: insects, spiders

30
Q

5.3 Chordata

A
  • bilateral summetry
  • seperate mouth and anus
  • notochord and dorsal nerve tube (for some part of life)

ex: mammals, birds, fish (also invertebrate sea squirts)

31
Q

5.4 What is a clade?

A

All organisms hypothesized to have evolved from common ancestors

Cladistics: way of classifying by clades

32
Q

5.3 vertebrata (sub-phylm) classes

A

Fish
Amphibian
Birds
Mammals
Reptiles

33
Q

5.4 What is a cladogram?

A

tree diagram where each branch = clade
Node/fork = common ancestor

HL Biology (11 decks)

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