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HL Biology > 2. Molecular Biology > Flashcards

2. Molecular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

2.1 What is an organic compound?

A

Has carbon, found in living things

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2
Q

2.1 What are the bond properties of carbon compounds?

A

1) Carbon atoms form 2 covalent bonds with other atoms
2) Carbon atoms can form up to 4 nonpolar covalent bonds: allows for complex structure

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3
Q

2.1 Four Main Functional Groups

A

Hydroxyl (OH)
Amine (NH2)
Carboxyl (COOH)
Methyl (CH3)

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4
Q

2.1 What are the identifying features of carbohydrates?

A

1) Composed of C,H,O with a 2:1 of H:O
2) End in -ose
3) Many hydroxide groups

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5
Q

2.1 Draw ribose and glucose molecules

A
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6
Q

2.1 Classification of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide: Monomer, soluble in water
Disaccharide: two monosaccharides
Oligiosaccharide: 3-10 monosaccharides
Polysaccharide: Lots of saccharides, energy storage or cell structure

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7
Q

2.1 Condensation vs hydrolosis

A

Condensation: Molecules form a covalent bond with water as a waste product

Hydrolosis: The opposite of condensation

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8
Q

2.1 Classes of Lipids

A

Monomers:
Fatty acids, monoglyceride

Polymer (ex)
Triglyceride

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9
Q

2.1 Basic info of Lipids

A
  • Insoluble,hydrophobic
  • A chain of hydrocarbons
  • Fatty acids or a derivative
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10
Q

2.1 Common Lipids

A

Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids bonded to glyceral
Wax: long chain of hydrocarbons
Phospholipid
Steriods

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11
Q

2.1 Basic Structure of Protien

A

-Composed of at least one chain of amino acids
- Amino acids contain C,O,H,N with some containing S

Acids –> Polypeptide –> Protien

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12
Q

2.1 Classes of nucleic acid

A

Monomer:
Nucleotide

Polymer:
DNA

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13
Q

2.1 Basics of Nucleic Acids

A
  • Chain of nucleotides
  • Nucleotides contain C,H,O,N,P
  • Nucleotide: Phosphate group attached to carbohydrate (deoxyribose or ribose) and nitrogeneous base

Ex: ATP, DNA

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14
Q

2.1 What is vitalism

A

The doctrine that organic molecules could only be syntehsized by living systems, disproved when urea was synthesized

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15
Q

2.1 Anabolism and Catabolism

A

Anabolism: Reactions that build, require ATP
Catabolism: broke down, release energy

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16
Q

2.2 Hydrogen Bonding Properties

A

1) Intramolecular polar covalent bonds between H+ and O-
2) Hydrogen bonds give water unique properties

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17
Q

2.2 Properties of Water

A

Cohesive: Water sticks to eachother
Adhesive: Water sticks to other polar + ionic molecules
Thermal Properties: Takes a lot of energy to change, high specific heat, high latent heat of vaporazation, high boiling point
Solvent: is a good solvent

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18
Q

2.2 Hydrophobic or Hydrophillic

A

Hydrophobic: no (+) or (-) charges, lipids,
Hydrophillic: Soluble

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19
Q

2.2 Transport in Blood Plasma

A

Sodium Chloride: Ionic compound, soluble
Amino Acid: + and -, some phillic some phobic soluble enough
Glucose: soluble in water, polar
Oxygen: nonpolar, small enough to disolve in water
Fat Molecules: non polar, large, carried in lipoprotien complexes
Cholestoral: hydrophobic, transported in lipoprotien complex

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20
Q

2.3 What are the common disaccharides

A

Lactose
Sucrose
Maltose

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21
Q

2.3 What are the common polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose - plant support (B-glucose)
Starch - plant storage (a-glucose), amylose - 1-4 bonds
amylopectin - 1-4 and 1-6 bonds
Glycogen - animal storage (a-glucose), 1-4 and 1-6 bonds

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22
Q

2.3 Common Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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23
Q

2.3 Draw and label a fatty acid

A
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24
Q

2.3 Function of Lipids

A

cell membrane, hormones, nutrition, energy storage (harder to access), thermal insulation

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25
Q

2.3 Saturated v Unsaturated Fat

A

Saturated: No Double Bond
Unsaturated: double bound

Cis-unsaturated: H on same side, causes a kink
Trans-unsaturated: H on different sides, not found in nature

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26
Q

2.3 Purpose and structure of triglycerides

A

Long-term energy storage (fats in animals) (oil in plants(

Condensation reaction between one glycerol and three fatty acids

27
Q

2.3 Health risk of lipid types

A

UnSaturated/Trans - raise LDL levels, raising cholestoral

Saturated - increases HDL levels, lowering cholestoral

28
Q

2.3 HDL vs LDL

A

Low-densiriy lipoprotiens: carry cholestoral from liver to rest

High-densiity lipoprotien - scavenge excess cholestoral and bring back to liver

29
Q

2.4 Draw the formation of a peptide bond

A
30
Q

2.4 Draw and lable an amino acid

A
31
Q

2.4 Amino Acids Structure

A

Composed of amine group (HxN), carboxyl group (CO2) and unique R-group with a H atom on top, central carbon atom

32
Q

2.4 What is a proteome?

A

All of the protiens produed by a cell, tissue, or organism.

33
Q

2.4 What is denaturation?

A

Disruption in the secondary, tertiary, or quaterny structure of a protien.
Caused by ^ in pH, temperature, chemicals

34
Q

2.4 What is Rubisco?

A

An enzyme involved with the first step of carbon fixation

35
Q

2.4 What is Insulin?

A

A protien that regulates blood sugar levels, signals to cells to take in glucose

36
Q

2.4 What is immunoglobulin?

A

Antibodies

37
Q

2.4 What is Rhodopsin?

A

A pigment that acts as a photorecepter in rod cells of retina

38
Q

2.4 What is collagen?

A

A protien that provides structure for the body

39
Q

2.4 Function of protiens

A

S- tructure
H- ormones
I- mmune
T- ransport
S- ensation

M- ovement
E- nzymes

40
Q

2.4 What are the levels of protien structure?

A

Primary: Chain of amino acids, held by peptide bonds
Secondary: Hydrogen bonding leads to either alpha helix or pleated sheet
Tertiary: 3-D folding due to side chain interactions
Quaternary: More than one amino acid chain

41
Q

2.5 What is the purpose of enzymes?

A

Speed up chemical reactions without being altered (catalyst)

42
Q

2.5 Structure of enzymes

A

Enzymes have an active site that is specific to the substrate that binds to them. They convert the substrate into a product.

43
Q

2.5 Draw and Label a graph showing the effects of Enzyme activity

A
44
Q

2.5 Factors affecting enzyme activity

A

Temperature: High temperature = more collisions, more EA
But too high is denaturation

pH: Most enzymes have an optimal pH, any deviation leads to less EA

Substrate concentration: More substrate = more EA until too many active sites are blocked

45
Q

2.6 Draw and label DNA

A
46
Q

2.6 DNA vs RNA

A

Rna is made from ribose, DNA is made from deoxyribose

47
Q

2.6 What’s the difference between Purine and Pyrimidine bases? Which are which?

A

Purine is larger with a doubel carbon ring: Guanine, Adenine

Pyrimidine has only a single carbon ring: Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

48
Q

2.7 What are codons

A

Three bases on mRNA that code for a aminoacid

49
Q

2.7 What is PCR?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a method of reproducing DNA in a lab

1) Denaturation - DNA is heated to seperate strands
2) Annealing - Sample is cooled so primers anneal
3) Elongation - sample is heated to optimal temperature for Taq primase

50
Q

2.7 What is the difference between replication in Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have 1 origin, 1 bubble, 2 forks

Eukaryotes have multiple origins that fuse

51
Q

2.8 Write the basic formula for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 (ADP+P) –> 6 CO2 + 6 H20 (+ATP)

52
Q

2.8 Why must cells continue to respirate, features of ATP?

A

1) ATP can’t be stored
2) ATP can’t be transfered between cells
3) When ATP is used, heat energy is lost

53
Q

2.8 What are the three major processes that glucose undertakes for cellular respiration?

A

Glycosis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

54
Q

2.8 What is Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Anaerobic: No oxygen, back up when cellular oxygen is needed. ATP is needed quick. Allows microbes to live in oxygen-poor environments

55
Q

2.8 Human v. Yeast Anaerobic Respiration

A

Yeast: Glycosis then alc fermentation (pyruvate –> ethanol)

Humans: Glycosis then lactic acid fermentation (pyruvate –> lactic acid)

56
Q

2.8 Net ATP Anaerobic vs Aerobic

A

Ana : 2 per gluc
Aero: 38 per gluc

57
Q

2.9 What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H20 –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

58
Q

2.9 What is photosynthesis?

A

The process of phototropic organisms converting light energy into glucose

59
Q

2.9 Properties of Wavelengths

A

Shorter wave lengths = more energy,
Visible light: 380-700 (violet > red)

60
Q

2.9 Why are plants green?

A

Chlorophyll, the main pigment of plants, absorbs red/blue light but reflects green light

61
Q

2.9 What is the formula for light dependent reaction?

A

2 H2O –> 4 H (becomes NADH) + 4 e- (used for next part) + O2

62
Q

2.9 What is the calvin cycle?

A

The light independent portion of photosynthesis in which Carbon, form CO2 is used to build carbohydrates, relies on ATP, NADH

63
Q

2.9 Where do the light independent vs light independent reactions happen?

A

Dependent: thylakoid

Independent: Cytoplasm of chloroplast (stroma)

HL Biology (11 decks)

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