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HL Biology > 3. Genetics > Flashcards

3. Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

3.1 What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for heritable characteristics

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2
Q

3.1 What is a gene loci?

A

Where a gene is located on a chromosome

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3
Q

3.1 What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene

Alleles are located at the same locus with a slightly different sequence of nucleotides

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4
Q

3.1 Types of substiution mutations

A

Silent, Nonsense, Missense

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5
Q

3.1 What is the relevance of the COX gene?

A

a gene for cellular respiration that is present in most Euk. organism, allows for easy comparison of sequences

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6
Q

3.1 What is the cause of sickle cell amenia?

A

A substiution in the gene to make hemoglobin

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7
Q

3.1 Steps of Sickle Cell Anemia

A

The irregular hemoglobin causes the blood cell to bcecome a sickle shape which gets stuck in blood vessels –> anemia = not enough healthy cells to deliver o2

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8
Q

3.2 Describe Prokaryotic DNA

A

Known as the nucleoid, prokaryotic DNA is not enclosed, is a single naked loop

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9
Q

3.2 What is a nucleus

A

The Eukaryotic’s membrane bound organelle containing DNA

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10
Q

3.2 What is a nucleolus?

A

Structure in the nucleus responsible for ribosome production and assembly

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11
Q

3.2 What is a nucleosome?

A

Small lengthes of DNA wrapped around 8 histone protiens (building blocks of chromatins)

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12
Q

3.2 What is Chromatin

A

Loose form of DNA (chromosome material) not supercoiled, durng interphase

Chromosome = yarn ball
Chromatin = yarn string

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13
Q

3.2 What is a chromosome?

A

The supercoiled form of chromatin

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14
Q

3.2 What is a chromatid?

A

One side of a copied chromosome (arms of the same length)

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15
Q

3.2 Diploid vs Haploid

A

Diploid: Cell containg two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

Haploid: One copy of each chromosome (sp, egg)

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16
Q

3.2 Heterosomes vs Autosomes

A

Autosomes - normal
Heterosomes - determine sex (x vs Y)

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17
Q

3.2 Homologous chromosomes

A

Share same structure, same genes at loci position (alleles can be different
- seperated

One comes from maternal, one from paternal

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18
Q

3.2 Chromosomes in Species

A

Organisms with different #s of chromosomes can’t interbreed

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19
Q

3.2 What causes species to have different #s of chromosomes?

A
  • Splitting
  • Fusing
  • Evolution
20
Q

3.2 What is a karyogram?

A

A micro-photograph of all the chromosomes for an individual

21
Q

3.3 Whats the difference between Meiosis 1+2

A

M1: Diploid to haploid, 2 products, crossing over, procceded by DNA replication

M2: Haploid to haploid, 4 products, chromatids seperate, no crossing

22
Q

3.3 DNA through meiosis

A

G1: single, non-super coiled DNA
S: 2 pairs of sister chromatids, homologous chromosomes
Prophase 1: DNA supercoils
Metaphase 1: Homo chromos at equator, crossing over
Anaphase 1: Seperate
Telophase 1: At poles, still with sister
Prophase 2: Supercoil again
Metaphase 2: Equator, not paired
Anaphase 2: Seperate
Telophase 2: Decondenses

23
Q

3.3 Does crossing over happen in Mitosis or Meiosis?

A

Meiosis

24
Q

3.3 What happens during prophase 1, meosis?

A

1) Pairing of homo chromos through synapsis : homochoromos attach at chiasmata (attachment sites) to form bivalent

2) Homo chromoes exchange pieces of non-sister chromatids @ chiasmata

25
Q

3.3 Formula for possible chromosome combinations -

A

2^n (n is the number of chromosomes in haploid)

26
Q

3.3 What is nondisjunction?

A

Failure of homo chromos to seperate, result = abnormal numbers

27
Q

3.3 Draw the Process of Meiosis

A
28
Q

3.3 Describe Two Methods of Fetal Cell Karotyping

A

1) Aminiocentesis- amnotic fluid is collected via needle in abdomen

2) Chronic Virus Sample - thin tube inserted for sample of placenta

29
Q

3.3 What promotes genetic variation in Meiosis?

A

Crossing over and random orientation

30
Q

3.4 What is Mendel’s Experiemtn

A

Through selectively breeding pea plants learned
1) Genes passed to offspring
2) One gene per parent
3) Recessive genes

31
Q

3.4 Types of Allele Combinations (Dominancy)

A

1) Dominant/Recessive
2) Codominant
3) Sex-Linked

32
Q

3.4 What allele type is sickle cell anemia

A

Codominant, red blood cell disease

33
Q

3.4 What allele type is Red-Green Color Blindness?

A

Recessive, sex linked

34
Q

3.4 What type of allele is Hemophillia?

A

recessive, sex-linked (X)

35
Q

3.4 What type of allele is Cystic Fibrosis

A

recessive

36
Q

3.4 What type of allele is Huntington’s?

A

Dominant

37
Q

3.4 What are gametes?

A

Haploid cells with one allele of each gene, fuse together to create zygote

38
Q

3.5 Descibe the process of gel electrophoresis

A

DNA samples are put in sample wells at the end of gel. These DNA samples are cut smaller, and naturally have a negative charge. Molecules move towards the positive electrode on the other end based on size with smaller molecules going farther (since they go faster). This creates a band to help identify.

39
Q

3.5 What is the purpose of PCR?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction is used to make many copies of DNA

40
Q

3.5 What are the steps of PCR?

A

1) Denaturation
2) Annealing (cooling, primer binds)
3) Extension (Raise temperature to trigger TAQ polymerase)

41
Q

3.5 What are the steps of DNA Profiling?

A

1) Sample of fluid collected
2) Reference sample collected
3) PCR used to make multiple copies
4) DNA is cut into fragements using restriction endonucleases
5) Electrophoresis
6) Bands are compared

42
Q

3.5 What is cloning and how?

A

A clone is asexually produced via:
- Binary Fission
- Budding (cells splitting off)
- Fragementation (Seperated fragement)
- Parthenogenesis (unfertilized egg)
- Splitting of embryo

43
Q

3.5 Describe Gene Transfer using Bacteria (for insulin)

A
  • mRna is extracted from human pancreatic cells and using rever transcriptatse it becomes complementary DNA
  • Plasmid is obtained from bacteria and cut with restrictive enzume
  • Plasmid and cDNA fused together using DNA ligase
  • Reintroduced to host cell
44
Q

3.5 What is the process of Somatic Cell Cloning?

A

The nucleus from the somatic cell with desired genes is removed and placed in egg cell with its own nucleus thats been removed (nucleus replacement)

45
Q

3.5 What are the pros and cons of GMO crops?

A

Pros:
- less insecticides
- Longer shelf life
- Increased nutrients
- More resistant

Cons:
-protiens could be toxic
-antibiotic resistant plasmids could spread
-contamination
- biodiversity risk

HL Biology (11 decks)

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