1. Cell Biology Flashcards
1.1 What are three exceptions to cell theory?
1) Straited Muscle Fibers: multiple nuclei
2) Aseptate Fungal Hyphae: Contineous cells
3) Giant Algae: Very large unicellular organisms
1.1 Cell Theory
1) Cells are the basic building blocks of life
2) All living things are made of cells
3) Cells come from pre-existing cells
1.1 Functions of Life MR SHENG
Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Nutrition
Homeostasis
Excretion
Growth
1.1 Surface Area to Volume Adaptations
1) Long extension of the cell membrane (neuron cell)
2) Thin flattened shape (blood cell)
3) Bristle like extensions (white blood cell)
1.1 What are emergent properties?
Interactions between individual components produce new functinos
ex: cells for tissue
Organ are multiple tissues
Organ systems from organs
1.1 How to calculate magnification
Image size / actual size
1.1 Stem Cell Differentiation
Stem cells differentiate based on gene expressions, a group of specific cells is tissue
1.1 Gene packaging active vs a active genes term
Active genes are packaged as euchromatic
Inactive genes are condensed as heterochromatin
1.1 Examples of Stem Cell Therapy
Stargardt’s Disease
- Caused by gene mutation that impairs vison
- Treated by replacing dead cells in retina
Parkinson’s Disease
- Caused by death of dopamine-screting cells
- Treated by replacement
1.1 How are stem cells derived?
- Embryos
- Umbillica Cord/Placenta
- Bone Marrow (not pluripotent)
1.2 What are prokaryotes?
Organisms that lack a nucleus
Archaebacteria or Eubacteria
1.2 What is binary fission?
The process of asexual reproduction for prokaryotes
- Circular DNA is copied in response to replication signal
- Two DNA loops attach to membrane
- The membrane elongates and pinches off (cytokinesis)
1.2 Properties of Prokaryotes
- Nucleoid
- Circular and Naked DNA
- 70s Ribosomes
- 0.2- 10 um
- Division by binary fission
- All unicellular
- No membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria + chloroplast)
- All have cell wall
1.2 Properties of Eukaryotes
- Nucleus
- DNA is linear
-80s Ribosomes - 10-100 um
- Unicellular or multi
- Membrane-bound organelles
- Binary fission, mitosis, meiosis
- Cell walls with cellulose or chitin (plants or fungi)
1.2 Make a diagram of Prokaryote
- Cell Membrane
- Cell wall
- Nucleoid
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes
*Plasmid
*Pilli
*Flagellum
*Capsule
1.2 Draw an Animal Cell
(plasma) membrane – single line surrounding cytoplasm;
nucleus – with a double membrane and pore(s) shown;
mitochondria(ion) – with a double membrane, the inner one folded into internal
projections, shown no larger than half the nucleus;
rough endoplasmic reticulum – multi-folded membrane with dots/small circles on surface;
Golgi apparatus – shown as a series of enclosed sacs with evidence of vesicle formation;
ribosomes – dots/small circles in cytoplasm/ribosomes on rER;
lysosome;
1.2 Ribosomes
Two subunites made of RNA and protien, larger in Eukaryotes (80s) than Prokaryotes (70S)
- Site of polypeptide syntethesis
1.2 Cytoskeleton
Filament scaffolding within cytoplasm (fluid is called cytosol)
- provides interna structure and mediates intracellular transport
1.2 Nucleus
Ek only
Double membrane with pores contain inner region called nucleous
- store DNA as chromatin, nucleolus is site of ribosome assmebly
1.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ek only
Membrane network that may be smooth or studded with ribosomes (rER)
- r makes protiens
- s makes lipids and carbs
Smooth: lipids, rER: protiens
1.2 Golgi Apparatus
Ek only
Vesicles and folded membranes near cell membrane
- Involved in soring, sorting, modification and export of secretory products
1.2 Mitochondria
Ek only
Double membrane with internal membrane folded into cristae
- Site of aerobic respiration
1.2 Peroxisome
Ek only
Sac containing catabolic enzymes
- Breaks down toxic substances
1.2 Centriole
animals only
Microtuble organizing centre
- radiating microtubles to form spindle fibers and contribute to cell division
1.2 Lysosome
Animals only
Membrane saces filled with hydrolytic enzums
- Break down of macromolecules
1.2 Chloroplast
Plant cells only
Double membrane with stacks of thylakoids
- Site of photosynthesis
1.2 Cell Wall
Plants only + prokaryotes
- External covering made of cellulose
- - provides support and prevents excess water uptake
1.2 Vacuoles
Plant, occasionally small + temp in animals
Fluid filled internal cavity
-Maintains hydrostatic pressure
1.2 Plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
- Semi-permeable and selective barrier surronding cell
1.2 Plant vs Animal Cell
Plant: Chloroplast, large vacuole, cell walls, plasmodesmata
Animal: centrioles, cholestoral
1.2 Draw a Plant Cell
1.3 What is a Phospholipid Composed of
Hydrophilic Head: Phosphate group + glycerol
Hydrophobic Tail: 2 Fatty Acids
1.3 Location- Types of Membrane Proteins
Integral (spans bilayer) or Peripheral (partially attached)
1.3 Draw and Label the phospholipid bilayer
1.3 Membrane Protein Functions
JETRAT
Junctions - connect cells to eachother
Enzymes - local metabolic pathways
Transport
Recognition
Anchorage - attachment points for cytoskeleton + extracellular matrix
Transduction - hormone receptors
1.4 Types of Transport Proteins
Passive: channel, carrier (changes shape)
Active: Pump, co-transport (using gradient)
1.4 Recognition Proteins are what type of Protien?
Often glycoproteins (proteins with oligosaccharides attached)
1.4 Purpose and Application of Cholesterol
Cholesterol is in animal cell membranes to maintain flexibility. Cholestoral is amphipathic (like phospholipid)
Low Temps: High viscosity, not permeable enough. Cholesterol prevents the tight packing of fatty acids.
High Temp: Low Viscosity, too permeable. Cholesterol restrains movement
1.4 Describe Sodium Potassium Pump
3 N+ attach, ATP –>ADP, shape change, Lose 3 N+ gain 2 K, P leaves, shape reverts
1.4 Vesicles
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, can be transported (From ER to Golgi) or Secretory (To go to membrane)
Endocytosis, Exocytosis
1.4 Describe the Process of protein synthesis and transport
1) Transcription at the nucleus
2) RER Translation
3) Packaged into transport vesicle
4) Golgi App, protein is modified
6) Packed into the secretory vesicle
7) Exocytosis
1.5 Process of Spontaneous Origin
1) Organic molecules from inorganic
2) Synthesis of polymers
3) Self-replicating polymers
4) Packing of molecules into membranes w/ chemistry diff from the outside
1.5 Evidence of Endosymetric Theory
Mitochondria + Chloroplast swallowed (MADDR)
Membrane
Antibiotics work
Division - binary fission
DNA
Ribosomes (70s)
1.6 What Processes involve mitosis? (Why is division needed)
1) Tissue repair
2) Growth
3) Embryonic Development
4) Replace Cells
5) Asexual Reproduction
1.6 Cell Cycle (ALL OF IT)
Interphase
G1: Grows, gathers molecular building blocks, organelles copy
S: DNA copy, duplicates centrosome
G2: More growth, makes proteins and organelles, reorganizes
Miotic Phage:
Prophase: nuclear membrane breaks apart, DNA supercoils into chromosomes, spindle fibers form and centrioles move towards the cell pole
Metaphase: replicated chromosomes align at the equator, kinetochore (with microtubule) attaches to centromere of chromatid
Anaphase: Chromatids are separated and pulled towards the pole by motor proteins along kinetochore microtubles
Telophase: Nucleus membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense into chromatin (protein bound)
Cytokensis:
Plant Cell:
1) Vesicles move to equator to form tubular structure
2) Structures merge to form plasma membrane
3) Vesicles with pectins and cellulose is deposited
Animal:
A ring of contractile proteins constricts creating cleavage furrow until sides touch and they seperate
1.6 Presence of Cyclin
D (G1 cyclin) Triggers cell from G1 to S
E (G1/S cyclin) Prepares for DNA replication
A (S cyclin) Activates DNA inside nucleus
B (Miotic cyclin): promotes assembly of spindles
1.6 What Causes Cancer (genes)?
Proto-onco genes code for protiens that help the cell move through the cell cycle, when mutated cell can divide when shouldnt - become oncogenes, cancer
Tumor Surpressor Genes - stop cell dividing when shouldn’t, when mutated cell can divide when shouldnt
1.6 Supercoiling of DNA
During mitosis DNA goes from the loose chromatin to a tight chromosome (condense in prophase, decondense in telophase)
1.6 Draw the stages of mitosis
