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HL Biology > 1. Cell Biology > Flashcards

1. Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

1.1 What are three exceptions to cell theory?

A

1) Straited Muscle Fibers: multiple nuclei
2) Aseptate Fungal Hyphae: Contineous cells
3) Giant Algae: Very large unicellular organisms

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2
Q

1.1 Cell Theory

A

1) Cells are the basic building blocks of life
2) All living things are made of cells
3) Cells come from pre-existing cells

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3
Q

1.1 Functions of Life MR SHENG

A

Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Nutrition
Homeostasis
Excretion
Growth

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4
Q

1.1 Surface Area to Volume Adaptations

A

1) Long extension of the cell membrane (neuron cell)
2) Thin flattened shape (blood cell)
3) Bristle like extensions (white blood cell)

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5
Q

1.1 What are emergent properties?

A

Interactions between individual components produce new functinos

ex: cells for tissue
Organ are multiple tissues
Organ systems from organs

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6
Q

1.1 How to calculate magnification

A

Image size / actual size

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7
Q

1.1 Stem Cell Differentiation

A

Stem cells differentiate based on gene expressions, a group of specific cells is tissue

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8
Q

1.1 Gene packaging active vs a active genes term

A

Active genes are packaged as euchromatic

Inactive genes are condensed as heterochromatin

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9
Q

1.1 Examples of Stem Cell Therapy

A

Stargardt’s Disease
- Caused by gene mutation that impairs vison
- Treated by replacing dead cells in retina

Parkinson’s Disease
- Caused by death of dopamine-screting cells
- Treated by replacement

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10
Q

1.1 How are stem cells derived?

A
  • Embryos
  • Umbillica Cord/Placenta
  • Bone Marrow (not pluripotent)
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11
Q

1.2 What are prokaryotes?

A

Organisms that lack a nucleus

Archaebacteria or Eubacteria

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12
Q

1.2 What is binary fission?

A

The process of asexual reproduction for prokaryotes
- Circular DNA is copied in response to replication signal
- Two DNA loops attach to membrane
- The membrane elongates and pinches off (cytokinesis)

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13
Q

1.2 Properties of Prokaryotes

A
  • Nucleoid
  • Circular and Naked DNA
  • 70s Ribosomes
  • 0.2- 10 um
  • Division by binary fission
  • All unicellular
  • No membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria + chloroplast)
  • All have cell wall
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14
Q

1.2 Properties of Eukaryotes

A
  • Nucleus
  • DNA is linear
    -80s Ribosomes
  • 10-100 um
  • Unicellular or multi
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Binary fission, mitosis, meiosis
  • Cell walls with cellulose or chitin (plants or fungi)
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15
Q

1.2 Make a diagram of Prokaryote

A
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Nucleoid
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
    *Plasmid
    *Pilli
    *Flagellum
    *Capsule
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16
Q

1.2 Draw an Animal Cell

A

(plasma) membrane – single line surrounding cytoplasm;
nucleus – with a double membrane and pore(s) shown;
mitochondria(ion) – with a double membrane, the inner one folded into internal
projections, shown no larger than half the nucleus;
rough endoplasmic reticulum – multi-folded membrane with dots/small circles on surface;
Golgi apparatus – shown as a series of enclosed sacs with evidence of vesicle formation;
ribosomes – dots/small circles in cytoplasm/ribosomes on rER;
lysosome;

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17
Q

1.2 Ribosomes

A

Two subunites made of RNA and protien, larger in Eukaryotes (80s) than Prokaryotes (70S)
- Site of polypeptide syntethesis

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18
Q

1.2 Cytoskeleton

A

Filament scaffolding within cytoplasm (fluid is called cytosol)
- provides interna structure and mediates intracellular transport

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19
Q

1.2 Nucleus

A

Ek only
Double membrane with pores contain inner region called nucleous
- store DNA as chromatin, nucleolus is site of ribosome assmebly

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20
Q

1.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Ek only
Membrane network that may be smooth or studded with ribosomes (rER)
- r makes protiens
- s makes lipids and carbs

Smooth: lipids, rER: protiens

21
Q

1.2 Golgi Apparatus

A

Ek only
Vesicles and folded membranes near cell membrane
- Involved in soring, sorting, modification and export of secretory products

22
Q

1.2 Mitochondria

A

Ek only
Double membrane with internal membrane folded into cristae
- Site of aerobic respiration

23
Q

1.2 Peroxisome

A

Ek only
Sac containing catabolic enzymes
- Breaks down toxic substances

24
Q

1.2 Centriole

A

animals only
Microtuble organizing centre
- radiating microtubles to form spindle fibers and contribute to cell division

25
Q

1.2 Lysosome

A

Animals only
Membrane saces filled with hydrolytic enzums
- Break down of macromolecules

26
Q

1.2 Chloroplast

A

Plant cells only
Double membrane with stacks of thylakoids
- Site of photosynthesis

27
Q

1.2 Cell Wall

A

Plants only + prokaryotes
- External covering made of cellulose
- - provides support and prevents excess water uptake

28
Q

1.2 Vacuoles

A

Plant, occasionally small + temp in animals
Fluid filled internal cavity
-Maintains hydrostatic pressure

29
Q

1.2 Plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
- Semi-permeable and selective barrier surronding cell

30
Q

1.2 Plant vs Animal Cell

A

Plant: Chloroplast, large vacuole, cell walls, plasmodesmata

Animal: centrioles, cholestoral

31
Q

1.2 Draw a Plant Cell

A
32
Q

1.3 What is a Phospholipid Composed of

A

Hydrophilic Head: Phosphate group + glycerol
Hydrophobic Tail: 2 Fatty Acids

33
Q

1.3 Location- Types of Membrane Proteins

A

Integral (spans bilayer) or Peripheral (partially attached)

34
Q

1.3 Draw and Label the phospholipid bilayer

A
35
Q

1.3 Membrane Protein Functions

A

JETRAT
Junctions - connect cells to eachother
Enzymes - local metabolic pathways
Transport
Recognition
Anchorage - attachment points for cytoskeleton + extracellular matrix
Transduction - hormone receptors

36
Q

1.4 Types of Transport Proteins

A

Passive: channel, carrier (changes shape)

Active: Pump, co-transport (using gradient)

37
Q

1.4 Recognition Proteins are what type of Protien?

A

Often glycoproteins (proteins with oligosaccharides attached)

38
Q

1.4 Purpose and Application of Cholesterol

A

Cholesterol is in animal cell membranes to maintain flexibility. Cholestoral is amphipathic (like phospholipid)

Low Temps: High viscosity, not permeable enough. Cholesterol prevents the tight packing of fatty acids.

High Temp: Low Viscosity, too permeable. Cholesterol restrains movement

39
Q

1.4 Describe Sodium Potassium Pump

A

3 N+ attach, ATP –>ADP, shape change, Lose 3 N+ gain 2 K, P leaves, shape reverts

40
Q

1.4 Vesicles

A

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, can be transported (From ER to Golgi) or Secretory (To go to membrane)

Endocytosis, Exocytosis

41
Q

1.4 Describe the Process of protein synthesis and transport

A

1) Transcription at the nucleus
2) RER Translation
3) Packaged into transport vesicle
4) Golgi App, protein is modified
6) Packed into the secretory vesicle
7) Exocytosis

42
Q

1.5 Process of Spontaneous Origin

A

1) Organic molecules from inorganic
2) Synthesis of polymers
3) Self-replicating polymers
4) Packing of molecules into membranes w/ chemistry diff from the outside

43
Q

1.5 Evidence of Endosymetric Theory

A

Mitochondria + Chloroplast swallowed (MADDR)
Membrane
Antibiotics work
Division - binary fission
DNA
Ribosomes (70s)

44
Q

1.6 What Processes involve mitosis? (Why is division needed)

A

1) Tissue repair
2) Growth
3) Embryonic Development
4) Replace Cells
5) Asexual Reproduction

45
Q

1.6 Cell Cycle (ALL OF IT)

A

Interphase
G1: Grows, gathers molecular building blocks, organelles copy
S: DNA copy, duplicates centrosome
G2: More growth, makes proteins and organelles, reorganizes

Miotic Phage:
Prophase: nuclear membrane breaks apart, DNA supercoils into chromosomes, spindle fibers form and centrioles move towards the cell pole

Metaphase: replicated chromosomes align at the equator, kinetochore (with microtubule) attaches to centromere of chromatid

Anaphase: Chromatids are separated and pulled towards the pole by motor proteins along kinetochore microtubles

Telophase: Nucleus membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense into chromatin (protein bound)

Cytokensis:
Plant Cell:
1) Vesicles move to equator to form tubular structure
2) Structures merge to form plasma membrane
3) Vesicles with pectins and cellulose is deposited

Animal:
A ring of contractile proteins constricts creating cleavage furrow until sides touch and they seperate

46
Q

1.6 Presence of Cyclin

A

D (G1 cyclin) Triggers cell from G1 to S
E (G1/S cyclin) Prepares for DNA replication
A (S cyclin) Activates DNA inside nucleus
B (Miotic cyclin): promotes assembly of spindles

47
Q

1.6 What Causes Cancer (genes)?

A

Proto-onco genes code for protiens that help the cell move through the cell cycle, when mutated cell can divide when shouldnt - become oncogenes, cancer

Tumor Surpressor Genes - stop cell dividing when shouldn’t, when mutated cell can divide when shouldnt

48
Q

1.6 Supercoiling of DNA

A

During mitosis DNA goes from the loose chromatin to a tight chromosome (condense in prophase, decondense in telophase)

49
Q

1.6 Draw the stages of mitosis

A

HL Biology (11 decks)

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