4th Periodic Test (Official) Flashcards by Jade Castro

involve the intake of food by an organism and its utilization for energy.

Human Digestive System

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This is a vital process which helps living beings to obtain their energy from various sources.

Human Digestive System

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Serves as the entrance of food

Mouth

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Inside are the teeth, tongue and salivary glands

Mouth

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A fibromuscular y-shaped tube attached to the terminal end of the mouth. It is mainly involved in the passage of chewed/crushed food from the mouth through the esophagus.

Pharynx

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Approximately 20 cm long, Receives food from your mouth when you swallow

Esophagus

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A series of muscular contractions within the _____________ called peristalsis delivers food to your stomach.

esophagus

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a small flap that folds over your windpipe as you swallow to prevent you from choking

epiglottis

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This vital organ acts as a storage for the food and provides enough time to digest meals.

Stomach

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produces digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid that maintain the process of digestion.

Stomach

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intestines are roughly 7 meters long

Small Intestines

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the small stomach is made out of ____ segments

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what is the 3 segments of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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the first segment of the small intestine. It’s largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process.

Duodenum

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lower in the intestine are mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

jejunum and ileum

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About 1.5 meters long.

Large Intestine

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another name for large intestine

colon

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responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient.

Large Intestine

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Waste products are passed into the end of the large intestine

Rectum

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is the last part of the digestive tract.

Anus

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organs which participate in the digestion process but are not actually a part of GIT. They stimulate the digestion by releasing certain enzymes that help in breaking down the food.

Accessory organs

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It has a cleansing action on the teeth.

Saliva

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Salivary Glands

Saliva, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder

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secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and carbohydrates.

pancreas

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lso makes insulin, passing it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the chief hormone in your body for metabolizing sugar.

Pancreas

Its main job within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.

Liver

Also detocifies potentially harmful chemicals

Liver

stores and concentrates bile from the liver, and then releases it into the duodenum in the small intestine to help absorb and digest fats.

Gallbladder

The very first step involves mastication (chewing).

Ingestion

It involves the process of lubricating and manipulating food and pushing it down the food through the food pipe (using peristalsis), and into the stomach.

Mixing and Movement

The process of converting complex food particles into simpler substances in the presence of enzymes and acids secreted by different digestive organs.

Digestion

The stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas secrete enzymes and acids to aid the process of digestion. It functions by breaking down food particles into simple components and easily absorbable components.

Secretion

The process of removing indigestible substances and waste by-products from the body through the process of defecation.

Excretion

This process begins in the small intestine where most of the nutrients and minerals are absorbed. The excess water in the indigestible matter is absorbed by the large intestines.

Absorption

are open sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine.

Ulcers

is the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus.

Acid Reflux

This can occur after eating a big meal or drinking coffee or alcohol.

Acid Reflux

Signs and symptoms include cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea or constipation, or both.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Occurs when the lining of the large intestine cannot maintain the usual level of water absorption.

Diarrhea

Occurs when the colon reabsorbs the water too much and the stool becomes hard and compacted.

Constipation

appendix is inflamed, it causes pain in the lower right abdomen.

Appendicitis

also called piles, are swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum, similar to varicose veins.

Hemorrhoids

the series of growth and development steps a cell undergoes between its “birth”—formation by the division of a mother cell—and reproduction—division to make two new daughter cells.

Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle has 2 stages

Interphase & Cell Division

The cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. G2 phase ends when mitosis begins.

Gap 2 (G2 Phase)

The cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.

G1 Phase ( Gap 1)

the cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells.

Mitosis

Another name for cell division

Mitosis

The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule organizing structure called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during the M phase.

S Phase (Synthesis)

M phase involves two distinct division-related processes

karyokinesis and cytokinesis.

Mitosis takes place in four stages:

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

sometimes also called prometaphase), the mitotic spindle begins to capture and organize the chromosomes.

Prophase (late)

the cell starts to break down some structures and build others up, setting the stage for division of the chromosomes.

Prophase(early)

The spindle has captured all the chromosomes and lined them up at the middle of the cell, ready to divide.

Metaphase

The sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.

Anaphase

The cell is nearly done dividing, and it starts to re-establish its normal structures as cytokinesis (division of the cell contents) takes place.

Telophase

he division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells, overlaps with the final stages of mitosis.

Cytokinesis

Reduction Division

Meiosis

Occurs in the testes in males

spermatogenesis

Preceded by interphase which includes chromosome replication

Meiosis

Occurs in the ovaries in females

oogenesis

Produces gametes (eggs and sperm)

Meiosis

the process of the formation of haploid sperms from a diploid stem cell known as spermatogonium.

Spermatogenesis

Longest and most complex phase (90%). Chromosomes condense. *

Prophase I

Shortest Phase

Metaphase I

Each pole now has a haploid (1n) set of chromosomes.

Telophase I

Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles.

Anaphase I

Meiosis II :

Reduction Division

No interphase II No DNA replication similar to mitosis

Meiosis II

Same as Prophase in mitosis - Nucleus & nucleolus disappear - Chromosomes condense - Spindle forms

Prophase II

Same as metaphase in mitosis - Chromosomes (not homologs) line up at equator

Metaphase II

Same as anaphase in mitosis - Sister Chromatids separate

Anaphase II

Same as Telophase in mitosis.

Telophase II

Involves one cell division

Mitosis

Daughter cells are genetically identical

Mitosis

Involves two successive cell divisions

Meiosis

Results in four daughter cells

Meiosis

Occurs only in animals, plants and fungi

Meiosis

Mendel conducted 2 main experiments to determine the laws of inheritance. These experiments were:

Monohybrid Cross Experiment Dihybrid Cross Experiment

a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their children; it underlies much of genetics.

Mendelian Genetics

cross involving a single trait (Ex: Flower Color)

Monohybrid cross

cross involving two traits

Dihybrid Cross

Paternal

Dad

Maternal

Mom

Body cell

Somatic

Sex cell

Gametes

is a graphic tool used to determine the probability of the combinations of genotypes that the offspring can have with the use of the genotypes of their parents.

Punnet Square

introduced by Reginald Punnett

Punnet Square

Branch of Biology concerned with the study of genes, variation, and heredity in organisms.

Genetics

Capital Capital (ex: BB)

Homozygous Dominant

Capital lowercase (Bb)

Heterozygous

lowercase, lowercase (bb)

Recessive

determined by genes; any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring.

Trait

also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring

Heredity

The inherited characteristic depends on the gene pair. Parental genes are randomly separated from the sex cells so there will be one gene of the pair from each parent.

Law of Segregation

This law is based on dihybrid crosses. The alleles for different traits are sorted and segregated during the formation of gametes.

Law of Independent Assortment

An offspring that was developed from the crossbreeding of two parents, with each having true, different traits, will express the dominant trait.

Mendel’s Law of Dominance

Why was Pea Plant selected for Mendel’s experiments?

- The pea plant can be easily grown and maintained. - They are naturally self-pollinating but can also be cross-pollinated. - It is an annual plant, therefore, many generations can be studied within a short period of time. - It has several contrasting characters.

Prophase I takes much longer

Meiosis

Prophase is much shorter

Mitosis