4th Periodic Test (Official) Flashcards
involve the intake of food by an organism and its utilization for energy.
Human Digestive System
This is a vital process which helps living beings to obtain their energy from various sources.
Human Digestive System
Serves as the entrance of food
Mouth
Inside are the teeth, tongue and salivary glands
Mouth
A fibromuscular y-shaped tube attached to the terminal end of the mouth. It is mainly involved in the passage of chewed/crushed food from the mouth through the esophagus.
Pharynx
Approximately 20 cm long, Receives food from your mouth when you swallow
Esophagus
A series of muscular contractions within the _____________ called peristalsis delivers food to your stomach.
esophagus
a small flap that folds over your windpipe as you swallow to prevent you from choking
epiglottis
This vital organ acts as a storage for the food and provides enough time to digest meals.
Stomach
produces digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid that maintain the process of digestion.
Stomach
intestines are roughly 7 meters long
Small Intestines
the small stomach is made out of ____ segments
3
what is the 3 segments of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
the first segment of the small intestine. It’s largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process.
Duodenum
lower in the intestine are mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.
jejunum and ileum
About 1.5 meters long.
Large Intestine
another name for large intestine
colon
responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient.
Large Intestine
Waste products are passed into the end of the large intestine
Rectum
is the last part of the digestive tract.
Anus
organs which participate in the digestion process but are not actually a part of GIT. They stimulate the digestion by releasing certain enzymes that help in breaking down the food.
Accessory organs
It has a cleansing action on the teeth.
Saliva
Salivary Glands
Saliva, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and carbohydrates.
pancreas
lso makes insulin, passing it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the chief hormone in your body for metabolizing sugar.
Pancreas
Its main job within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.
Liver
Also detocifies potentially harmful chemicals
Liver
stores and concentrates bile from the liver, and then releases it into the duodenum in the small intestine to help absorb and digest fats.
Gallbladder
The very first step involves mastication (chewing).
Ingestion
It involves the process of lubricating and manipulating food and pushing it down the food through the food pipe (using peristalsis), and into the stomach.
Mixing and Movement
The process of converting complex food particles into simpler substances in the presence of enzymes and acids secreted by different digestive organs.
Digestion
The stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas secrete enzymes and acids to aid the process of digestion. It functions by breaking down food particles into simple components and easily absorbable components.
Secretion
The process of removing indigestible substances and waste by-products from the body through the process of defecation.
Excretion
This process begins in the small intestine where most of the nutrients and minerals are absorbed. The excess water in the indigestible matter is absorbed by the large intestines.
Absorption
are open sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine.
Ulcers
is the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus.
Acid Reflux
This can occur after eating a big meal or drinking coffee or alcohol.
Acid Reflux
Signs and symptoms include cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea or constipation, or both.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Occurs when the lining of the large intestine cannot maintain the usual level of water absorption.
Diarrhea
Occurs when the colon reabsorbs the water too much and the stool becomes hard and compacted.
Constipation
appendix is inflamed, it causes pain in the lower right abdomen.
Appendicitis
also called piles, are swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum, similar to varicose veins.
Hemorrhoids
the series of growth and development steps a cell undergoes between its “birth”—formation by the division of a mother cell—and reproduction—division to make two new daughter cells.
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle has 2 stages
Interphase & Cell Division
The cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. G2 phase ends when mitosis begins.
Gap 2 (G2 Phase)
The cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.
G1 Phase ( Gap 1)
the cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells.
Mitosis
Another name for cell division
Mitosis
The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule organizing structure called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during the M phase.
S Phase (Synthesis)
M phase involves two distinct division-related processes
karyokinesis and cytokinesis.
Mitosis takes place in four stages:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
sometimes also called prometaphase), the mitotic spindle begins to capture and organize the chromosomes.
Prophase (late)
the cell starts to break down some structures and build others up, setting the stage for division of the chromosomes.
Prophase(early)
The spindle has captured all the chromosomes and lined them up at the middle of the cell, ready to divide.
Metaphase
The sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.
Anaphase
The cell is nearly done dividing, and it starts to re-establish its normal structures as cytokinesis (division of the cell contents) takes place.
Telophase
he division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells, overlaps with the final stages of mitosis.
Cytokinesis
Reduction Division
Meiosis
Occurs in the testes in males
spermatogenesis
Preceded by interphase which includes chromosome replication
Meiosis
Occurs in the ovaries in females
oogenesis
Produces gametes (eggs and sperm)
Meiosis
the process of the formation of haploid sperms from a diploid stem cell known as spermatogonium.
Spermatogenesis
Longest and most complex phase (90%).
Chromosomes condense. *
Prophase I
Shortest Phase
Metaphase I
Each pole now has a haploid (1n) set of chromosomes.
Telophase I
Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles.
Anaphase I
Meiosis II :
Reduction Division
No interphase II
No DNA replication
similar to mitosis
Meiosis II
Same as Prophase in mitosis
- Nucleus & nucleolus disappear
- Chromosomes condense
- Spindle forms
Prophase II
Same as metaphase in mitosis
- Chromosomes (not homologs) line up at equator
Metaphase II
Same as anaphase in mitosis
- Sister Chromatids separate
Anaphase II
Same as Telophase in mitosis.
Telophase II
Involves one cell division
Mitosis
Daughter cells are genetically identical
Mitosis
Involves two successive cell divisions
Meiosis
Results in four daughter cells
Meiosis
Occurs only in animals, plants and fungi
Meiosis
Mendel conducted 2 main experiments to determine the laws of inheritance. These experiments were:
Monohybrid Cross Experiment
Dihybrid Cross Experiment
a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their children; it underlies much of genetics.
Mendelian Genetics
cross involving a single trait (Ex: Flower Color)
Monohybrid cross
cross involving two traits
Dihybrid Cross
Paternal
Dad
Maternal
Mom
Body cell
Somatic
Sex cell
Gametes
is a graphic tool used to determine the probability of the combinations of genotypes that the offspring can have with the use of the genotypes of their parents.
Punnet Square
introduced by Reginald Punnett
Punnet Square
Branch of Biology concerned with the study of genes, variation, and heredity in organisms.
Genetics
Capital Capital (ex: BB)
Homozygous Dominant
Capital lowercase (Bb)
Heterozygous
lowercase, lowercase (bb)
Recessive
determined by genes; any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring.
Trait
also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring
Heredity
The inherited characteristic depends on the gene pair. Parental genes are randomly separated from the sex cells so there will be one gene of the pair from each parent.
Law of Segregation
This law is based on dihybrid crosses. The alleles for different traits are sorted and segregated during the formation of gametes.
Law of Independent Assortment
An offspring that was developed from the crossbreeding of two parents, with each having true, different traits, will express the dominant trait.
Mendel’s Law of Dominance
Why was Pea Plant selected for Mendel’s experiments?
- The pea plant can be easily grown and maintained.
- They are naturally self-pollinating but can also be cross-pollinated.
- It is an annual plant, therefore, many generations can be studied within a short period of time.
- It has several contrasting characters.
Prophase I takes much longer
Meiosis
Prophase is much shorter
Mitosis
