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Science > 4th Periodic Test (UnOffical) > Flashcards

4th Periodic Test (UnOffical) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The entry point of the food.

A

Mouth

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2
Q

The first digestion stage is

A

ingestion

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3
Q

while the tongue mixes the food with saliva ←this mixture is called

A

bolus

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4
Q

It connects the mouth and the esophagus.

A

Pharynx

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5
Q

It has a flap called the _______which closes the windpipe that is connected to the trachea,

A

epiglottis

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6
Q

A muscular tube that is approximately 25 cm long.

A

Esophagus

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7
Q

Receives food/bolus from the esophagus.

A

Stomach

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8
Q

90% of the chemical digestions and absorption of food nutrients occur, and the remaining 10% happens in the stomach

A

Small Intestine

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9
Q

3 segments of small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejenum, Ileum

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10
Q

Mainly for digestion and neutralization (first segment)

A

Duodenum

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11
Q

Primarily absorbs sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids (second segment)

A

Jejenum

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12
Q

Primarily absorbs anything that wasn’t absorbed in the jejunum. (Third Segment)

A

Ileum

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13
Q

Digestion does not happen here

A

Large Intestine / Colon

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14
Q

Responsible for reabsorption of water and mineral salts

A

Large Intestine / Colon

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14
Q

The undigested food becomes

A

stool/feces

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15
Q

An expandable storage organ of undigested food or stool/feces

A

Rectum

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15
Q

controls the releasing/holding of stool for a short period

A

Anal Sphincter

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16
Q

The last part of the digestive tract.
2 inch long canal.

A

Anus

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17
Q

Located around the oral cavity

A

Salivary Glands

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18
Q

Contains water, mucus, and enzymes amylase

A

Salivary Glands

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18
Q

3 major parts of salivary glands

A

Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual

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19
Q

cleanse the teeth, and moisten and lubricate

A

Saliva

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20
Q

Long narrow glands that stretch from the spleen through the duodenum.

A

Pancreas

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21
Q

chief hormone for metabolizing sugar.

A

Insulin

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22
Q

The largest organ of the body in terms of mass.

A

Liver

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23
Q

digests fat and some vitamins.

A

Bile

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24
Q

A Green pear shaped sac, stores and concentrates

A

Gallbladder

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24
Q

A pouch-like section located on the same side of the appendix.
Aids formation of stool/feces.

A

Cecum

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24
Q

A small thin tube that sits at the lower right abdomen, 10 cm long.

A

Appendix

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25
Q

Where food is taken into the mouth and broken down by teeth.

Involves chewing

A

Ingestion (1st)

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25
Q

This happens in the stomach where chemical digestion starts.

A

Digestion (2nd)

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26
Q

Breaks down complex food molecules through a hydrolysis process, absorbed by the lining of the small intestine, this happens in the jejunum and Ileum.

A

Absorption/Assimilation

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27
Q

The removal of metabolic waste products from the body through stool/urine.

A

Excretion

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28
Q

A painful sore in the stomach lining.

A

Stomach ulcers/Gastric ulcer

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29
Q

Affects the stomach and colon/large intestine ( bloating, abdominal pain, cramps, excess gas, diarrhea, constipation, and sometimes hemorrhoids.)

A

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

30
Q

Swollen veins in the rectum and the anus.

A

Hemorrhoids

31
Q

Condition where the stomach acids goes up the esophagus.

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

32
Q

Hard materials/deposits formed in the gallbladder.

A

Gallstones

33
Q

When the appendix is inflamed

A

Appendicitis

34
Q

A digestive disorder wherein a person has difficulties moving their bowl regularly.

A

Constipation

34
Q

A discomfort/pain in the upper abdomen.

A

Indigestion/dyspepsia

34
Q

Having loose stool/feces during bowel movement.

A

Diarrhea

34
Q

A kind of cancer thats starts either in the colon or the rectum.

A

Colorectal Cancer

34
Q

The process of a cell growing, developing, and dividing to make new cells from the time it is formed until it reproduces.

A

Cell Cycle

35
Q

two main parts of cell cycle

A

Interphase and Cell division(Mitosis)

36
Q

a long phase in the cell cycle when a cell spends most of its time.

A

Interphase

37
Q

the cell gets bigger, makes copies of organelles, and creates the building blocks it will use later.

A

Gap 1 (G1)

38
Q

the cell makes a full copy of its DNA. It also makes a copy of a structure in the cell called the centrosome.

A

Synthesis (S)

39
Q

the cell gets bigger, produces proteins and tiny organelles, and starts getting ready for mitosis.This phase ends when mitosis starts

A

Gap 2 (G2)

40
Q

When an organism grows, ____ makes new cells in its body. As the organism gets older, _______ replaces old cells with new ones.

A

Mitosis

41
Q

the cell makes two new cells by splitting its DNA and cytoplasm.

A

M phase

42
Q

the genetic material condenses to make small chromosomes with two parts connected at the center.

A

Prophase

43
Q

Mitosis happens in four steps:

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

44
Q

During cell division(Mitosis) One cell becomes ______

A

2 cells

45
Q

When the sister chromatids separate, it starts _______. These sister chromatids turn into chromosomes in the daughter cells.

A

anaphase

46
Q

The chromosomes group together at the ends and form a mass while the nuclear envelope starts to form around them.

A

Telophase

47
Q

when the cytoplasm divides to make two new cells

A

Cytokinesis

48
Q

Interphase shows that chromosomes duplicate with each other.

A

Meiosis

49
Q

Makes sex cells such as sperm and eggs.

A

Meiosis

50
Q

called reduction-division

A

Meiosis

51
Q

happens in the testes of males.

A

Spermatogenesis

52
Q

The process of forming eggs in female ovaries is called

A

oogenesis

53
Q

Is when the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
The shortest stage

A

Metaphase I

53
Q

The longest and most complicated part

A

Prophase I

54
Q

Is the stage in meiosis where the chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell and the nuclear membrane starts to reform.

A

Telophase I

55
Q

Is the stage in cell division when the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.

A

Anaphase I

56
Q

similar to mitosis

A

Meiosis II

57
Q

the sequences of nucleotides in the DNA (cells)

A

Genes

58
Q

the passing of physical traits from parent to their children or generation to the next.

A

Heredity

59
Q

an Austrian monk, performed a series of experiments on inheritance of selected traits of sweet pea plants.

A

Gregor Mendel

60
Q

Crossing pea plants that differed in one trait (e.g., seed color).

A

Monohybrid Crosses

60
Q

Crossing pea plants that differed in two traits (e.g., seed color and seed shape).

A

Dihybrid Crosses

60
Q

In a heterozygote, the allele which masks the other is referred to as dominant, while the allele that is masked is referred to as recessive

A

Mendel’s Law of Dominance

60
Q

States that a diploid organism passes a randomly selected allele for a trait to its offspring,

A

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

60
Q

invlolves one trait (AA x AA)

A

Monohybrid

61
Q

It allows the calculation of genotypic and phenotypic ratios based on the probability of individual gene combinations.

A

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

62
Q

invlolves two traits (AA x aa)

A

Dihybrid

63
Q

Punnet square was Introduced by

A

Reginald Punnett.

64
Q

represented with a uppercase letter (A)

A

dominant

65
Q

represented with a lowercase letter (a)

A

recessive

66
Q

AA

A

Homozygous Dominant

67
Q

aa

A

Homozygous Recessive

68
Q

Aa

A

Heterozygous

69
Q

the study of genes, variation and heredity in organisms.

A

Genetics (The cell)

70
Q

Any characteristics (height, eye color and hair type) that can be passed down from parents to kids.

A

Traits (Physical appearance)

71
Q

Passing on one or more traits to the offspring, Also known as Inheritance.

A

Heredity (The passing on of traits)

Science (9 decks)

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