4A.1 Economies Flashcards
4A.1a Classifying Economic Activity
sectors of employment
Economic sectors vary from place to place, reflecting different economic processes that have affected places over time.
Primary (agriculture, forestry, mining, fishing)
Secondary (manfuacturing)
Tertiary (retail, services, office work)
Quaternary (scientific research, ICT)
4A.1a Classifying Economic Activity
employment type
part time/ full time
temporary/ permanent
employed/ self-employed
4A.1a Classifying Economic Activity
quinary sector
Quinary sector employment is the highest level of decision making in an economy- the top business executives and officials in government, science, universities, non-profit organisations, healthcare, culture and media. This is concentrated in STEM employment.
The quinary sector is an important aspect of the increasing knowledge economy, creating prosperity in areas of the UK like the ‘Cambridge Triangle’, M4 Corridor and London.
4A.1a Classifying Economic Activity
Statistics of employment
a
4A.1b Economic Activity and Social Factors
economic inequality
economic activity in places has direct and indirect impaction key social factors.
places specialising in mordent high-tech industries, insurance and finance will generate ‘new’ money from their ‘exports’ and a positive spin off or multiplier effect on other services
a North-South divide may be identified in the location of manufacturing and financial services.
the concentration of services (e.g. information, communication, insurance and high-tech industry) may cause congestion, overcrowding and increased house and land prices, as seen in the ‘overheated’ South East of England
places needing regeneration may need to either increase economic specialisation or diversify their economic structure
4A.1b Economic Activity and Social Factors
social factors: health
There is a direct link between place, deprivation and associated lifestyles.
There are fewer manual jobs today in the UK, and far less pollution than the early twentieth century. However, those working long hours in manual jobs such as building and agriculture or exposed to harmful chemicals or pollutants will have a raised risk of poorer health and mortality.
Black and minority ethnic (BME) groups generally have worse health than the overall population, with one main driver being their often poorer socio-economic position.
A geographical factor is the spatial distribution of food. Some places, especially inner cities, may be ‘food deserts’ in terms of availability, with cheaper processed and take-away food dominating customer choice
Apart from environmental factors, population structure and lifestyle choices, there are also variations in healthcare nationally.
4A.1b Economic Activity and Social Factors
social factors: life expectancy
Longevity varies substantially between places, between regions, and both between and within settlements, especially larger cities.
2011 census shows distinct North-South variations in average life expectancy, this is known as the Glasgow effect (the impacts of poor health linked to deprivation).
Gender, income, occupation and education are key factors, together with associated lifestyle choices, such as diet and smoking.
The key factors that help explain these patterns are social (lifestyle choices and culture), economic (wealth of individuals) and locational (access to healthcare).
4A.1b Economic Activity and Social Factors
social factors: levels of deprivation
levels of deprivation
4A.1b Economic Activity and Social Factors
postcode lottery
postcode lottery refers to the uneven distribution of local personal health and health services nationally, especially in mental health, early diagnosis of cancer and emergency care for the elderly
4A.1c Quality of Life Indices
inequality
high inequality in a place will almost inevitable reduce its potential for economic growth, and the benefits of growth do not necessarily trickle down across society.
Normally poverty, inequality and quality of life rise and fall together. However, inequality can be high in a society without high levels of poverty due to a large difference between the top and the middle of the income spectrum. This is evident in London.
4A.1c Quality of Life Indices
quality of life
Quality of life is the level of social and economic well-being experienced by individuals or communities measured by various indicators including health, happiness, educational achievement, income and leisure time. It is a wider concept than ‘standard of living’, which is centred on just income.
4A.1c Quality of Life Indices
quality of life indices
United Nation’s Human Development Index
Global Age Watch Index
ONS
Index of Multiple Deprivation ‘Measuring National Well-being: Life in the UK’ index
4A.1c Quality of Life Indices
spatial inequality
Spatial inequality refers to differences across places at a neighbourhood or street level, as well as between cities or regions and countries.
4A.1c Quality of Life Indices
the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) thinks that policies that help to limit or revers inequality, targeting not just the bottom 10% but the bottom 40%, may not only make societies less unfair but also wealthier. Regeneration programmes play a role in this.
4A.1c Quality of Life Indices
economic inequality
economic inequality- employment opportunities, type of work and income
