4A.1 Economies Flashcards
Regeneration
what is a place?
geographical spaces shaped by individuals and communities over time
(Hodder)
what makes a space a place?
a space is an area with no meaning, it is just the physical location that a place is
-place is more complex, a well-known area.
what influences a place?
-places are shaped by internal connections between people, employment, services and housing
-external connections such as government policies and globalisation
-the meaning reflects how people perceive different places
-they change as a result of processes at different scales- local national and global
what influences perceptions of place?
comfort and image
uses and activities
sociability
access and linkages
what does the character of places refer to?
the physical and human features that distinguish it from another place
-mixture of features interacting together that make places unique and changes our sense of place
-the vibe or locale of the place can be perceived differently by others
examples of features that a place can have changing its character
technology
industry
soils
geology
weather and climate
demographics
communications
endogenous factors
features and characteristics of a place that exert influence from within it
exogenous factors
factors that influence the nature and development of place from outside it
example of endogenous factors
natural
-relief
-water
-geology
-climate
-location
human
-land use
-economic characteristics
-communications and infrastructure
-culture
examples of exogenous factors
-political change
-changing patterns of trade
-movement of people for work or cultural movement
name the four economic sectors
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
primary sector explain and examples
-low paid, manual work
-rural areas tend to have more primary employment
e.g. agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing
secondary sector explain and examples
manufacturing, the processing of raw materials into products
-tends to be more secondary employment in northern cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow, this is declining though
tertiary sector explain and examples
-jobs are often concentrated in urban areas, often service jobs
e.g. retail, services and office work
quaternary sector explain and examples
research and development and hi-tech industries, often found in London and the South East
e.g. scientific research and ICT
Great Britain % of people in primary sector
22% in primary
Great Britain % of people in secondary sector
26% in secondary
Great Britain % of people in tertiary (+ quaternary)
33% in tertiary and quaternary
In England and Wales, in 2011 what % worked in tertiary sector?
81%
different types of employment
part/full time
temporary/ permanent
employed/ self-employed
describe changes in UK employment
in the 1980s, primary and secondary industries in the UK faced decline due to high production costs- deep coal mining and higher wages compared to cheaper overseas labour- this lead to widespread factory and mine closures
-the tertiary sector grew to create new work opportunities, in tourism, driven by disposable incomes, affordable air travel
-quaternary industries emerged in areas with low tax rates and strong transport links- offered higher salaries, increasing the wealth gap between N and S regions in UK
the gender gap
this has narrowed in recent years, women are now one of the key driving forces in the increase in % of people in full time employment
-men are still paid on avg 10% more than women
-more women work in part time and temp work
zero-hour contracts
designed for more casual piece-work where fewer obligations are set by employers
when was the NWL launched
2016, national living wage was launched alongside the minimum wage policy in Britain
Illegal migrant workers
in 2015, the government made illegal working a criminal offence
-the black market relies on irregular migrant workers on a very low pay and poor conditions
temporary and seasonal work
often low pay, e.g. tourism and agriculture
-used to cover short term times when its busy, more workers are contracted
what is a location quotient?
a mappable ratio that helps show specialisation in any data distribution being studied
-a figure equal or close to 1 suggests national and local patterns are similar
LQ= LOCAL / NATIONAL
1= same as national
< 1 = lower than national
> 1 =higher than national
how can social inequalities often result from concentrations?
a large, high LQ industry with a declining LQ over time may be detrimental to a local and national economy
- places needing regeneration may need to either increase economic specialisation or diversify their economic structure
how is quality of life usually measured?
using a composite index
-e.g. housing, affordability, energy costs, broadband availability, avg incomes, crime rates etc
inequalities in incomes and cost of living across the UK
prices for goods and services vary regionally
-London and the South East are more expensive to live
-household food insecurity in the UK has been on the rise
what is a Spearman’s Rank?
this is a statistical test which examines the strength of a relationship between two variables
-produces an overall figure between -1 and +1
on a spearman’s rank what does a +1 figure represent?
a perfect positive relationship- correlation
on a spearman’s rank what does a -1 figure represent?
a perfect negative relationship- correlation
on a spearman’s rank what does a 0 figure represent?
indicates no correlation between the two sets of data
