3.4 the global shift Flashcards
global shift
the relocation of the global economic from Europe and North America to Asia
drivers of the global shift
improvements in transport and communication, trade, economic liberalism, and opening up to FDI
benefits of the global shift
-waged work (higher, more disposable income)
-poverty reduction
-education and training made available
-improvements in infrastructure boosts industries
costs of the global shift
-urbanisation and squatter settlements form around the centre of the city
-loss of productive farm land (less agricultural jobs for poorer citizens)
-land degradation and loss of biodiversity
-resource pressure and deforestation
describe the global shift of manufacturing
manufacturing has moved to China in recent years
-they have been able to produce more hi-tech products recently, allowing for higher pay among skilled workers
WINNERS involved in the global shift of manufacturing to China
+reduced extreme poverty from 88% in 1981 to 0.7% in 2018
+technology and skills are transferred from TNCs to other industries and companies to develop
+High-Speed Railways are constructed and infrastructure developed, attracting more FDI and TNCs
+workers have more disposable incomes
+literacy levels have risen (7 million graduates in 2014)
+compulsory education between 5-15 yrs old
LOSERS involved in the global shift of manufacturing to China
-the environment has suffered massively from significant air pollution, created from factories and industries
-workers have to work long hours doing repetitive tasks
-there are low health and safety regulations and standards
(making working environments and conditions unsafe, dirty and dangerous for workers)
describe the outsourcing of services
India opened up to globalisation in 1991
-in 2015 the Prime Minister launched ‘Make in India’ to encourage FDI for services
-high broadband access in many cities across India, also attracted FDI and TNCs to base here
-call centres for example are often now based in India e.g, Dell and engineering services
WINNERS involved in the global shift of services to India
+call centre workers earn middle-class wages, disposable incomes, can spend more in economy and pay taxes with formal jobs, contributing to economy and government for development
+majority of citizens speak English
+early investment in technology created lots of IT literate, high skilled workers ready for job opportunities
LOSERS involved in the global shift of services to India
-inequality is increasing in India, people still living in squatter settlements and slum complexes, such as Dharavi, Mumbai which is the largest slum in the world (home to over 1 million in 2.1 square km)
-exploitation of workers in some areas
-repetitive work is demotivating for workers
-In 2018, only 65% of households had access to a functioning toilet
What location has experienced environmental change/ problems due to the global shift?
The Aral Sea
describe the disappearance of the Aral Sea
-68 million km^2
-based in the centre of Asia, between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
-was once the world’s 4th largest body of inland water
economic impacts of the disappearance of the Aral Sea
an entire fishing industry was wiped out, 10,000 jobs were lost
-large producer of cotton (however this could fall dramatically)
social impacts of the disappearance of the Aral Sea
food and water supplies have been disrupted badly
healthcare is deteriorating between citizens
-8 million people worldwide are suffering from water shortages due to cotton production
environmental impacts of the disappearance of the Aral Sea
garment production is one of the 5 biggest polluters in the world
-pesticides and fertilises are damaging the environment even more
-cotton is a very unsustainable crop
-the sea disappearing has changed the region’s microclimate within seasons, there are now more sandstorms and more intense winds due to the loss of water which would stop the sand travelling as much and absorb wind energy
responses to the disappearance of the Aral Sea
a dam has been constructed at the north end to allow it to slowly regenerate (still under lots of pressure)
What location has experienced great levels of pollution due to the global shift of manufacturing?
The Citarum River, in West Java, Indonesia
-297km long
-a focal point for industrial development
economic impacts of the pollution of the Citarum River
the river basin is home to over 2000 industries, such as textile and pharmacy industries creating 100,000s jobs
-this infrastructure development has stimulated the local economy, also providing more formal jobs
social impacts of the pollution of the Citarum River
-neighbouring factories/ industries have no relation or connection with one another
-people living right next to factories (dangerous)
-women and children have higher exposure to chemicals as they tend to stay at home and do household work
-this water is used to irrigate most of the crops in the area
-lead and mercury has been found present in high levels in the river, damaging children’s brains significantly if exposed
-28 million people rely on this river as their only water source
environmental impacts of the pollution of the Citarum River
-chemicals disposed of damage ecosystems
-air pollution is high
-extremely low oxygen levels in river, no life in it
-one of the most polluted rivers in the world
responses to the pollution of the Citarum River
the army has been set to clear the river as a national requirement, however this could take a long time
-additionally the government will not do anything else as they want to keep attracting industries to base here
-activists have directly blocked pipes from factories, stopping more chemicals and waste entering the river
environmental problems from economic restructuring
-dereliction
-contamination
dereliction and contamination in deindustrialised regions
textile companies in Northern Uk cities are now closed and abanoned
chemical and industrial waste has infiltrated into the soil and locla waterways
unemployment in deindustrialised regions
high rates which are increasing, lead to deprivation as residents migrate to look for work elsewhere
-deprivation of inner city areas increase crime rates
social problems form economic restructuring
-quality of life is lowered
-depressed and miserable residents
-schools and community centres shut down
-lower tax rates lead to less investment, cuts in services, environment and communities
spiral of decline
unemployment —> crime —> depopulation —-> dereliction
economic impacts of industrial decline
-high unemployment
-industrial sites close
-production is outsourced
-negative spiral of decline to dereliction
example of an old industrial area in the UK
Middleton in Manchester
Middleton’s past importance
used to be a centre for manufacturing and textiles up until the 1990s when outsourcing occurred
-also used to be a vibrant and energetic place to live and work.
what % of our clothes are made outside the UK
90%
what % of textile jobs have been lost since 2000
52%
evidence of Middleton facing the spiral of decline
young people refuse and do not feel the need to get a job, most are on benefits from the government
-no efforts to change that or set up their own business for example
-low education levels here
-areas have bars and night clubs which only attract certain people at specific times and days
