3.5 migration and globalisation

Question 1

what is a million city

Answer 1

population of over a million

Question 2

what is a megacity

Answer 2

population of over 10 million

Question 3

global city

Answer 3

a globally recognised city in some way e.g. fashion, finance

Question 4

hub city

Answer 4

a city that has become a focal point for global processes
(COMICAT)

Question 5

what does bric stand for

Answer 5

brazil
russia
india
china

Question 6

what does mint stand for

Answer 6

mexico
indonesia
nigeria
turkey

Question 7

what year was a crucial tipping point where over 50% of people are urban for the first time ever

Answer 7

2007-8

Question 8

why do LICs have high levels of urbanisation?

Answer 8

-rural to urban migration
-natural increase

Question 9

what processes are developing cities going through to grow?

Answer 9

urban sprawl and suburbanisation

Question 10

urban sprawl

Answer 10

urban areas growing outwards in an uncontrollable way
-resulting in slums or squatter settlements

Question 11

suburbanisation

Answer 11

the wealthy choosing to live on the city edge to escape poverty, crime, congestion and pollution in the city centre

Question 12

what processes are HICs experiencing?

Answer 12

counter urbanisation and re-urbanisation

Question 13

counter urbanisation

Answer 13

movement of people out of the cities and into rural areas

Question 14

re-urbanisation

Answer 14

this is the regeneration of urban areas that have declined over previous year

Question 15

what is the megacity case study

Answer 15

New Delhi

Question 16

what is new dehli experiencing?

Answer 16

hyper-urbanisation
-rapid population growth outstripping the ability of the authorities to provide for basic needs e.g. sanitation

Question 17

what is India’s fastest growing city?

Answer 17

New Dehli
-grew by 40% between 2010 and 2020

Question 18

what is the main cause of this hyper growth in New Dehli?

Answer 18

natural increase and fast rates of rural to urban migration

Question 19

rural poor

Answer 19

lacks opportunities in their villages and hope for a better future in the city

Question 20

rural rich

Answer 20

move to cities to invest in urban property and provide a better education and standard of living for their families

Question 21

what has created many new jobs in new dehli?

Answer 21

increased FDI, and it is now a global finance hub

Question 22

what are women and girls vulnerable to?

Answer 22

assault on public transport routes, and few can afford the modern metro

Question 23

migration

Answer 23

the permanent move from one place to a new place, for over a year

Question 24

rural-urban migration

Answer 24

moving from the countryside to cities

Question 25

in developing and emerging countries what is urban growth caused by?

Answer 25

60% rural to urban migration 40% high birth rates in cities (natural increase)

Question 26

what happened in 2007-8

Answer 26

over 50% of people in the world were now living in urban areas for the first time ever

Question 27

push factors (mumbai)

Answer 27

-low education and health standards in rural areas -agricultural jobs are hard to find and low wage -chemicals and machinery is expensive for smaller farms

Question 28

pull factors (mumbai)

Answer 28

-schools and university access -improved healthcare providers- access to hospitals and dentists -water, electricity and sewage services -higher wage jobs -opportunity to work in public sector (formal jobs)

Question 29

economic opportunities for mumbai

Answer 29

-mumbai is the commercial and financial capital of India -60% of India's sea trade -contributed 33% of all income tax and 60% of all customs duty from trade -home to their stock market, busiest port and airport -migrants have been able to find jobs in the service sector -centre of Bollywood- movie industry

Question 30

social opportunities for mumbai

Answer 30

-hospitals admit more than 60,000 patients a year -has over 1000 primary and secondary schools -literacy rate of 89.7%- national avg is 74% -has a world renowed uni and research institutions -has a water supply managed by the government -300 community toilet blocks have been built (still not enough) -has one of the bets city transport systems in India -7.5 million people ride on their trains every day

Question 31

why is mumbai's population rising?

Answer 31

natural increase -birth rates are still exceeding death rates, however rate is slowing due to improved family planning and access to contraception rural-urban migration -avg age is 20-21 -70% of migrants come to Mumbai from the Maharashtra state

Question 32

challenges of rapid urban growth in mumbai

Answer 32

-60% of population rely on communal taps -freshwater is accessible for 2 hours each day in some areas -factories heavily pollute the Mithi River every day -strained health and education services -overcrowded schools, with high drop out rates -increasing unemployment in formal sector (people turn to informal jobs) -waste disposal and traffic congestion are both large issues -crime rates are high- 1/3 population have been victims of crims

Question 33

why are migrants attracted to global hub cities?

Answer 33

there is lots of transport, business, political and cultural connections to the world e.g. London, Dubai, New York

Question 34

why are migrants attracted to HQs and offices of TNCs?

Answer 34

high-paid professional workers (lawyers, stock-market traders, bankers) are attracted to these places and this creates huge wealth. These global elite migrants often employ maids, drivers, nannies and gardeners. -in 2015, 27% of UAEs population was from India

Question 35

how does interdependence come around?

Answer 35

over time, international migration allows countries to have more similarities, helping to support migration, cultural and political relationships

Question 36

displaced people

Answer 36

e.g. refugees or asylum seekers are forced to move due to conflict, famine, disaster, fear of persecution etc

Question 37

voluntary migrants

Answer 37

they may permanently or temporarily move for work or holiday

Question 38

illegal migrants

Answer 38

they voluntarily move for work or part of an organised criminal activity

Question 39

global hubs

Answer 39

switched-on places that become focal points for certain activities and have great global influence

Question 40

source benefits of migration

Answer 40

social- cultural diffusion and acceptance economic- remittances boost incomes of families, less unemployment env- reduced pressure on population, more habitats, more sustainability as less demand for commodities

Question 41

source costs of migration

Answer 41

social- families are broken up, young men work, leaving older people with no one to care for them back home economic- loss of skilled and educated workers political- mass emigration shows that the country is failing to provide for families at home env- deterioration of built env (abandonment)

Question 42

host benefits of migration

Answer 42

economic- migrants fill low wage, dirty work social- contact with different culture political- government benefits from popularity as increasing economic benefits from migrants is shown

Question 43

host costs of migration

Answer 43

economic- education costs are higher to teach English social- tensions arise as demand for housing, education and health services rise political- cultural tensions with migrant population- assimilation env- increased demand for housing, reduces green spaces, causing overcrowding -built environment deteriorates and urban areas expand

Question 44

net migration

Answer 44

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants -the UK has a positive net migration (more people entering than leaving)