3.5 migration and globalisation Flashcards
what is a million city
population of over a million
what is a megacity
population of over 10 million
global city
a globally recognised city in some way e.g. fashion, finance
hub city
a city that has become a focal point for global processes
(COMICAT)
what does bric stand for
brazil
russia
india
china
what does mint stand for
mexico
indonesia
nigeria
turkey
what year was a crucial tipping point where over 50% of people are urban for the first time ever
2007-8
why do LICs have high levels of urbanisation?
-rural to urban migration
-natural increase
what processes are developing cities going through to grow?
urban sprawl and suburbanisation
urban sprawl
urban areas growing outwards in an uncontrollable way
-resulting in slums or squatter settlements
suburbanisation
the wealthy choosing to live on the city edge to escape poverty, crime, congestion and pollution in the city centre
what processes are HICs experiencing?
counter urbanisation and re-urbanisation
counter urbanisation
movement of people out of the cities and into rural areas
re-urbanisation
this is the regeneration of urban areas that have declined over previous year
what is the megacity case study
New Delhi
what is new dehli experiencing?
hyper-urbanisation
-rapid population growth outstripping the ability of the authorities to provide for basic needs e.g. sanitation
what is India’s fastest growing city?
New Dehli
-grew by 40% between 2010 and 2020
what is the main cause of this hyper growth in New Dehli?
natural increase and fast rates of rural to urban migration
rural poor
lacks opportunities in their villages and hope for a better future in the city
rural rich
move to cities to invest in urban property and provide a better education and standard of living for their families
what has created many new jobs in new dehli?
increased FDI, and it is now a global finance hub
what are women and girls vulnerable to?
assault on public transport routes, and few can afford the modern metro
migration
the permanent move from one place to a new place, for over a year
rural-urban migration
moving from the countryside to cities
in developing and emerging countries what is urban growth caused by?
60% rural to urban migration
40% high birth rates in cities (natural increase)
what happened in 2007-8
over 50% of people in the world were now living in urban areas for the first time ever
push factors
(mumbai)
-low education and health standards in rural areas
-agricultural jobs are hard to find and low wage
-chemicals and machinery is expensive for smaller farms
pull factors
(mumbai)
-schools and university access
-improved healthcare providers- access to hospitals and dentists
-water, electricity and sewage services
-higher wage jobs
-opportunity to work in public sector (formal jobs)
economic opportunities for mumbai
-mumbai is the commercial and financial capital of India
-60% of India’s sea trade
-contributed 33% of all income tax and 60% of all customs duty from trade
-home to their stock market, busiest port and airport
-migrants have been able to find jobs in the service sector
-centre of Bollywood- movie industry
social opportunities for mumbai
-hospitals admit more than 60,000 patients a year
-has over 1000 primary and secondary schools
-literacy rate of 89.7%- national avg is 74%
-has a world renowed uni and research institutions
-has a water supply managed by the government
-300 community toilet blocks have been built (still not enough)
-has one of the bets city transport systems in India
-7.5 million people ride on their trains every day
why is mumbai’s population rising?
natural increase
-birth rates are still exceeding death rates, however rate is slowing due to improved family planning and access to contraception
rural-urban migration
-avg age is 20-21
-70% of migrants come to Mumbai from the Maharashtra state
challenges of rapid urban growth in mumbai
-60% of population rely on communal taps
-freshwater is accessible for 2 hours each day in some areas
-factories heavily pollute the Mithi River every day
-strained health and education services
-overcrowded schools, with high drop out rates
-increasing unemployment in formal sector (people turn to informal jobs)
-waste disposal and traffic congestion are both large issues
-crime rates are high- 1/3 population have been victims of crims
why are migrants attracted to global hub cities?
there is lots of transport, business, political and cultural connections to the world
e.g. London, Dubai, New York
why are migrants attracted to HQs and offices of TNCs?
high-paid professional workers (lawyers, stock-market traders, bankers) are attracted to these places and this creates huge wealth. These global elite migrants often employ maids, drivers, nannies and gardeners.
-in 2015, 27% of UAEs population was from India
how does interdependence come around?
over time, international migration allows countries to have more similarities, helping to support migration, cultural and political relationships
displaced people
e.g. refugees or asylum seekers are forced to move due to conflict, famine, disaster, fear of persecution etc
voluntary migrants
they may permanently or temporarily move for work or holiday
illegal migrants
they voluntarily move for work or part of an organised criminal activity
global hubs
switched-on places that become focal points for certain activities and have great global influence
source benefits of migration
social- cultural diffusion and acceptance
economic- remittances boost incomes of families, less unemployment
env- reduced pressure on population, more habitats, more sustainability as less demand for commodities
source costs of migration
social- families are broken up, young men work, leaving older people with no one to care for them back home
economic- loss of skilled and educated workers
political- mass emigration shows that the country is failing to provide for families at home
env- deterioration of built env (abandonment)
host benefits of migration
economic- migrants fill low wage, dirty work
social- contact with different culture
political- government benefits from popularity as increasing economic benefits from migrants is shown
host costs of migration
economic- education costs are higher to teach English
social- tensions arise as demand for housing, education and health services rise
political- cultural tensions with migrant population- assimilation
env- increased demand for housing, reduces green spaces, causing overcrowding
-built environment deteriorates and urban areas expand
net migration
the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants
-the UK has a positive net migration
(more people entering than leaving)
