4.8 Local Government and Development Flashcards
What is a science park and name an example
Within an enterprise zone; they are business or industrial parks focussed on quaternary industry and usually involve a university partner
Eg Cambridge science park
What is Cambridge science park like and name some companies based there
- set up by Trinity College in 1970
- 60% of companies based there originated there (high amounts of innovation)
- 30% are foreign companies
- nearly 200 businesses
- access to Cambridge graduates
- companies there include Microsoft, Huawei and AstraZeneca
What attracts businesses to Cambridge science park
- access to top university graduate
- uses renewable energy meaning lower taxes and improves companies reputation for being green
- well connected y A10 / A14 and train station
- perks for workers eg pub, gym, pool etc
How has Cambridge science park regenerated the local area
- highly skilled workers on high salaries have higher disposable income and spending so services improve
- furthers Cambridge’s global reputation as a global science and innovation hub and a university town
What is an enterprise zone
An area set up to encourage investment and development
- 48 in the UK
- distributed by national government
- local government decide on incentives to the businesses such as tax relief, relaxed planning regulations and superfast broadband
What are the types of local interest groups
- chambers of commerce
- preservation societies
- trade unions
- residents
What is a chamber of commerce
A group of business owners that share an area of interest and work together to allow growth and create opportunities
What do chambers of commerce want from regeneration
- infrastructure investment
- networking opportunities
- don’t prioritise environmental impacts of business
What are preservation societies and give some examples
Groups that want to maintain the environmental wellbeing of a place
Eg Just Stop Oil, WWF, WEAct (Woking), Horsell Preservation Society
What do preservation societies want from regeneration
- protect local environment and greenbelt land
- move to clean energy sources
- raise awareness of local environment issues
- don’t prioritise economic profit eg cost of renewables or oppose redevelopment
What do residents want from regeneration
- low crime rates
- high quality but affordable housing
- some residents have different priorities especially when the area has large inequalities within it
What are trade unions
A group of employees who join together to maintain and improve their condition of employment
What do trade unions want from regeneration
- workers’ benefits eg higher wages
- better working conditions
Why does conflict occur between local interest groups
There is tension between those who want to preserve an area and those who want change
Who were the local interest groups in the London Olympics regeneration
- Clay’s Lane residents
- other residents
- local businesses
What was Clay’s Lane like before the regeneration
- affordable accommodation
- mainly shared housing for 450 people
- very strong sense of community
What happened to Clay’s Lane residents after the regeneration
- compulsory purchase order forced out all residents
- all were promised improved accommodation and immunities but none received it
- managed by Peabody who refused some people the right to be rehoused forcing them into unaffordable private housing
How were other residents affected by the Olympic regeneration
- benefitted from improved sports facilities
- better transport links
- more recreational spaces (Olympic park)
- better services (Westfield)
- more jobs opportunities
How were local businesses affected by Olympic regeneration
- many closed due to opening of Westfield as they were out competed by major TNC chains
- rental costs increased
What is urban and rural retail-led regeneration
The development of retail centres
- creates jobs for people of all ages and backgrounds
- boosts local spending in cinemas, gyms, restaurants etc
- often build on brownfield sites eg Meadowhall, Sheffield
What are the cons of retail led regeneration
- decentralisation saw a rise in e-commerce meaning the high street has suffered
- exogenous shocks like the pandemic can cause mass unemployment of retail workers and many businesses close if they can’t make the same profit online
How was the London Olympic regeneration retail led
- Westfield shopping centre
- created 10,000 permanent jobs
What is tourism led regeneration
Invesment goes into making the area a tourist attraction
- themed (Brontë country)
- custom build centres (Center Parcs)
- coastal resorts (Butlins)
- music festivals (Glastonbury)
- art galleries (Tate Modern)
What are the cons of tourism led regeneration
- seasonal
- pandemics can disrupt it
What is leisure and sport led regeneration
Regenerating the area to accommodate a global sporting event like the Olympics or wold cup
Attracts FDI
Has long term benefits for locals to use facilities
What are the cons of leisure and sport led regeneration
- the long term impact of it is not guaranteed
- eg athletic participation in London didn’t increase after the Olympics and obesity in children continues to rise
