4.1 Classification Of Economies Flashcards
What is the primary sector
- collection of raw materials and producing good crops
- mainly in rural areas
- typically low paid manual work
- income may be seasonal
What is the secondary sector
- manufacturing raw materials into goods
- typically more regular income than primary jobs
- typically concentrated in the north or aboard due to the global shift
- declining
What is the tertiary sector
- providing a service
- private or public sector
- concentrated in urban areas
- wages vary from minimum wage (cleaners, hospitality) to highly paid professionals (doctors)
What is the quaternary sector
- providing specialist services (finance, law, tech, research, development)
- highly educated workforce
- concentrated mostly in the south
- fastest growing in the UK
What does the Clarke-Fisher model depict in a pre-industrial area
Primary sector dominates employment
Small percentage in secondary
What does the Clarke-Fisher model depict in an industrial area
Primary sector declines due to mechanisation
Manufacturing dominates industry
What does the Clarke-Fisher model depict in a post industrial area
Factories move overseas for cheaper manufacturing (global shift)
Secondary industry declines
Tertiary and quaternary sector grow due to highly educated and skilled workforce
Higher incomes
What section of the Clarke fisher model does the UK fit into and why
Post industrial
1% employed in primary
15% in secondary
84% in tertiary and quaternary sector
How are jobs classified
- full time / part time
- temporary / permanent
- employed or self employed
How is economic activity analysed
- employment data
- economic output
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Gross Value Added (GVA)
What is GDP
The total value of goods and services in the country
What is GVA
The value of goods and services in an area, industry, or economic sector
Woking - what percentage of people are in employment / unemployed / economically inactive
Employed - over 80%
Unemployed - 3%
Economic inactivity - 12% (less than UK average)
Stratford - what percentage of people are in employment / unemployed / economically inactive
Employed - 70%
Unemployed - 5.0%
Economic inactivity - just under 30% (higher than average in both London and the UK)
Stratford - what industry employs the most / least people
Most - Wholesale and retail trade (15%)
Least - Mining and quarrying (5 people)
Woking - what industry employs the most / least people
Most - Professional scientific and technical activities (11%)
Least - activities in extraterritorial organisations (0.1%)
Woking - what occupation type employs the most / least people
Most - professional occupations (just under 25%)
Least - machine operations (5%)
Stratford - what occupation type employs the most / least people
Most - professional (just under 30%)
Least - machine operations (2%)
How does economic activity affect social factors - health - postcode lottery
- Healthcare is unequally distributed across the UK
- because salaries vary
- low income areas receive less investment into services like healthcare
How does economic activity affect social factors - health - food deserts
- inner cities often have cheaper, processed and take away food dominating customer choice
- majority of fast food restaurants are in the poorest boroughs eg Bradford
- 1 restaurant to 625 people in Blackburn-with-Darren
- people on lower incomes opt for this rather than more expensive organic ingredients
- poor diets lead to poor health
How does economic activity affect social factors - health - lifestyle
- affluent people can afford gym memberships, healthier food etc
- poorer people may exercise less, eat unhealthily, use drugs to cope
- shared / council housing is typically in poor condition as they are quickly made with poor insulation and ventilation
- this causes damp leading to respiratory conditions
How does economic activity affect social factors - life expectancy - gender
- more men are employed in primary and secondary sectors
- 95% of work place fatalities are male
- men are 3x more likely to commit suicide
How does economic activity affect social factors - life expectancy - types of jobs
- varies by 5 years between managerial and routine roles
- higher paid roles have better access to healthcare and typically have lower health risks
How does economic activity affect social factors - levels of education - highest performing regions in 2023 GCSEs
- London was highest performing (75% receiving grades A*-C)
- West Midlands was the lowest performing (63%)
How does economic activity affect social factors - levels of education - demographic groups
- worst performing group is white working class males
- intergenerational cycle of parents to children of anti-school subculture
- higher education (degree) is expensive
How is health in Woking
- almost 100% in unshared housing
- Maybury has the lowest % in very good heart (40%)
How is health in Stratford
- almost 100% are in unshared housing
- around 50% are in her good health
What is life expectancy in Woking / Stratford
Woking - 84 years
Stratford - 82 years
What percentage have degrees in Woking / Stratford
Woking - 40%
Stratford - just under 50%
What is quality of life
- holistic measurement
- level of social/economic well being
- measured by wealth, happiness, education, income, leisure
What indicators contribute to quality of life
Globally - HDI
Nationally - Index of Multiple Deprivations (IoMD)
Happy Planet Index - HPI
What factors contribute to IoMD
Income
Employment
Health deprivation and disability
Education skills and training
Barriers to housing and services
Crime
Living environment