4.11 Urban Stakeholders & Success Flashcards
Why was there a need for regeneration in Stratford
- predominantly industrial area with abandoned and derelict buildings, brownfield sites
- services declined after docklands closed in 1960
- lacked necessary social infrastructure
- well connected but didn’t attract much investment of tourism
- high crime rates
- high levels of deprivation
- people didn’t want to visit or live in the area as they felt unsafe
Who were the stakeholders involved in the Stratford regeneration
- the Olympic Federation
- local and national government
- local businesses
- residents (Clay’s Lane)
What conflict occurred between stakeholders in Stratford regeneration
- gentrification out-priced locals
- Olympic village left non-affordable housing
- local business have to compete with large chains - especially in Westfield
- 450 Clay’s Lane residents were forced out as their estate was demolished - some were forced into private housing they couldn’t afford as Peabody (manager) denied them the right to be rehoused
- Greater London Authroity wanted 50% of housing to be affordable
What were the economic impacts of Stratford regeneration
- Olympic village attracts tourism - demand hotels and accommodation
- agglomeration and clustering of retail services near Westfield
- Westfield created up to 10,000 permanent
What were the social impacts of Stratford regeneration
- 4% increase in professional employment roles - higher salaries therefore services improve along with QOL
- by 2030, 20,000 new homes - 1/3 affordable
- Cultural enrichment as number of white British decreased to 40% and other ethnicities increased
What were the environmental impacts of Stratford regeneration
- 6000 Boris bikes provided to reduce congestion and carbon output
- the park uses recyclable and biodegradable materials in packaging of food etc
- no peat products are used on site
- electric charging facillities available
What was done to rebrand Stratford
- re-imaged as primary retail and leisure hub attracting tourism and business investment (eg John Lewis)
- new university campuses specialising in sports science and sports technology provides skilled workforce (Loughborough, University of East London, UCL
- £6 billion investment
- cleanliness of area improved
- divide between Newham and Westfield
How was the Stratford regeneration successful
Economic
- huge rise in tourism
- profits to local businesses increased
- Stratford became known as East London’s tech hub with companies like Google, Amazon and Facebook
- Westfield generates £300 million annually
Social
- new academy educates 2000 children
- cultural enrichment
Environmental
- awarded green flag status in 2015
- air pollution from cars decreased by nearly 10% due to Boris Bike usage
- biodiversity action plans (BAPs) in place
How was the Stratford regeneration unsuccessful
Social
- many locals outpriced by gentrification or forced out by Compulsory Purchase Order
- increased homelessness from 1.1 to 7.9 per 1000 households
- gang crimes
- improved accessibility has increased number of commuters so locals aren’t employed there
Environmental
- Disrupted natural ecosystems which acted as a unfertilised zone for the urban area and greenbelt land
- Increased tourism and commuting increased CO2 emissions
- Skipped decontamination process so the park my still have toxic radioactivity
Why did Liverpool need to be regenerated
- the Docks closed in 1980s leading to severe economic decline due to deindustrialisation
- 20,000s jobs lost
- 2,000s businesses closed
- population halved
- crime was high especially in race riots
Who were the stakeholders involved in the Liverpool regeneration
- central government allocated funding
- EU because liverpool was their Capital City of Culture (CCC) in 2008
- UNESCO - Albert Docks named world heritage site
- local businesses
- Merseyside Development corporation
- Liverpool ONE regeneration led by Peel Group
What conflict occurred between stakeholders in the Liverpool regeneration
- locals forced out due to gentrification
- elderly population moved out as historical value was urbanised to attract younger people
- local businesses feared losing customers to major chains
What were the economic impacts of Liverpool regeneration
- £4million spent on city centre infrastructure quality
- £5 billion spent on waterfront - providing homes, offices, retail/leisure spaces
- new businesses moving in create jobs
What were the social impacts of Liverpool
- docks became UNESCO world heritage site in 2008 after winning CCC in 2008 - tourism increased by 30%
- 4 million tourists per year meant quality of services increased due to spending
- more housing and green spaces
What were the environmental impacts of Liverpool
- builds onto aquatic ecosystems
- built environments thrive due to spending
